86 
A Monograph of Culiciclae. 
whilst the parasites are indistinguishable.” Dr. Daniels suggests 
that the species of the definitive host may have some influence, 
and points out the following interesting facts :— 
1. Anopheles maculipennis (claviger ) seems to be the chief and 
in some parts the only definitive host on the Mediterranean 
coasts and in Europe. In many of these parts black-water fever 
is unknown, is rare everywhere, and malarial neuritis and 
nephritis are also rare. 
2. Anopheles funestus and ccstalis are the agents in tropical 
Africa south of the Sahara. Black-water fever is common 
(8 per cent, per annum of the Europeans get it in British Central 
Africa). Nephritis is rare or unknown. Neuritis is not very 
uncommon. 
3. In British Guiana black-water fever occurs, but not more 
than perhaps in 1 in 5000 of the susceptible population. Neither 
A. funestus, A. costalis nor A. maculipsnnis are known there. 
Nephritis is common. (There are two common Anopheles in 
British Guiana, A. argyrctarsis, R. Desvoidy (= A. alhitarsis, 
Arribalzaga), and sub-sp. albipes , mihi.—F. V. T.) 
4. In the greater part of India black-water fever is unknown, 
and none of the above Ancpheles are found there.* (The 
commonest species are A. Rossii, Giles, A. Jcimesii, mihi, and 
A. Sinensis, Wied., and its varieties.—F. Y. T.) 
Black-water fever has not in any way been traced to a 
mosquito directly. The evidence goes to favour the view that 
black-water fever is dependent on malaria, but is not naturally 
mosquito-borne. 
Whether the malarial germs can develop in Culex is 
extremely doubtful. Nearly all cases tested with Culex have 
produced negative results. In those experiments with C. pipiens 
and C. nemorosus which gave somewhat doubtful results little 
reliance can be placed. I can see no reason why Culex 
should not take an equal share with Anopheles, particularly 
when we know that the Proteosoma, Labbe, of crows, larks and 
sparrows is cultivable in members of the genus Culex. Ross 
found Culex fatigans played the, intermediary part in the 
development of this bird haematozoan, and that they distributed 
the disease from bird to bird. This was proved in what Ross 
calls the grey mosquito (Culex fatigans), but he obtained negative 
results in S. fasciata, his “ brindled mosquito.” It certainly 
seems strange that these avian haematozoa can develop in Culex 
* Colonel Giles has recently taken nay Albipes in North-West India. 
