64 EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN. 
THE TIAN SHAN MOUNTAINS. 
The general geology of the mountain ranges that border the plains of Turke- 
stan on the east is too large a subject and too little connected with the special 
interests of our expedition to have been itself an object of special study by our 
party. Moreover, it is precisely in general geolog)' that Russian explorers have 
done such excellent work in this region. But the more modern histor}- of the 
mountains, as recorded in their physiographic development, seems to have been 
less examined ; and since this phase of the subject is closely associated with our 
study of the plains, we gave it our first attention here, as we had previously done 
in the Kopet Dagh. My own report deals with the Tian Shan ranges between the 
provinces of Fergana and Semiryetshensk. The report of Mr. Huntington sets 
forth the results of his visit to Kashgar after leaving me at Issik Kul. The 
report hereto appended by Mr. R. W. Pumpelly tells of his observations on the 
mountains south of Fergana during a visit to Lake Kara Kul on the Pamir. 
PREP.^RATION FOR THE MOUNTAIN JOURNEY. 
My party from Andizhan across the moimtains to Lake Issik Kul included 
Mr. Huntington as assistant and Mr. Brovtzine as interpreter. General Ivanof, 
governor-general of Turkestan, had given us during our stay at Tashkent letters 
of introduction to various officials; among others, to the governor of the Andizhan 
district, Colonel Korytof, from whom we had much a.ssistance in securing our outfit. 
He detailed a member of his police force, a Sart of marked intelligence, to act as 
our head-man and cook, and we had much efficient service from liim. A second 
man was engaged to look after our three pack horses. We received generous aid 
also from Captain Asatians, secretary of the Military Club at New Marghilan, where 
we went for certain supplies. It was by Mr. Polovtzof, diplomatic official at 
Tashkent, and his .secretary, Mr. Andreef, that we had been given the practical 
suggestion of carrying colored handkerchiefs of bright and varied patterns, to serve 
as small change when paying the Kirghiz for supplies of mutton and milk and for 
service as guides in the mountains. We had a small canvas tent, but seldom found 
occasion to use it, as the clean felt tents or " yurts " in the summer camps of the 
Kirghiz, well furnished with felts, rugs, and silk quilts, were much to be preferred 
in the cool and occasionally rainy nights in the mountains. We carried no firearms. 
Besides the local sheets of the 40-verst map of the " Southern Boundary of Asiatic 
Russia" (1889), blue-print copies of the contoured 2-versts-to-an-inch map, as far as 
the sheets were completed along our route, were supplied to us by Major-General 
Gedeonof, chief of the topographical office at Tashkent, and we can testify to their 
accurate expression of surface forms. While at Andizhan we had the good fortune 
to meet Academician Chernichef, director of the Russian Geological Survey, and 
his assistant, Mr. Korolkof, on their return from a journey to Kashgar. Professor 
Chernichef gave us much information from his unpublished notes on the geologi- 
cal structure of the mountains; and Mr. Korolkof gave to Mr. Huntington a letter 
of introduction to his father, General Korolkof, in Przhevalsk, at the eastern end of 
Lake Issik Kul. 
