84 
EXn.ORATTONS IN TURKESTAN. 
GLACIAL RECORDS IN THE TIAN SHAN. 
Russian explorers of the Tian Shan liave discovered many glaciers in its hijifher 
ranji^es and have mentioned the occurrence of al^andoned moraines lower down the 
vallejs, but as far as I have read there has been little study given to the subdivisions 
of the glacial period. To this latter subject, therefore, we ga\-e chief attention 
while we were in the higher mountains. The strong ranges between Issik Kul and 
Kasgliar contain a much fnier development of abandoned moraines than any of 
the ranges that we saw between Andizhan and Issik Kul. The problem of succes- 
sive glacial epochs is, therefore, much more fully treated in Mr. Huntington's 
report than here. 
Fig. 49.— The Chalai Range from Kum-ashu Pass in the Kok-tal Range, looking norlh; a large old Moraine 
advances to the left, behind the dark spur. The crest of the Chalai Range is dimmed by clouds. 
MORAINES NEAR SON KUL. 
Although we recognized the occurrence of glacial cirques at a distance in 
several high ranges, the first moraines that we came upon were in the mountains 
south and northeast of Sou Kul. Those in the north-opening valleys of the Uougus- 
tau range, south of the lake, were of small size at altitudes about 10,500 feet ; the 
range summits seemed 1,000 or 2,000 feet higher. The glaciated troughs on the 
southwest side of the Kok-tal range, northeast of the lake, 8 or 10 miles from its 
outlet, were recognized in the distance. On riding and walking up to them in the 
afternoon, we found a well-defined moraine, with mounds and bowlders, kettles and 
