GLACIAL RECORDS IN THE TIAN SHAN. 
85 
ponds, crossed bj- a cascading stream at about 10,500 feet, in a valley that had 
received the confluent glaciers from two troughs. The glacier from the larger 
trough must have been 2 miles long. In the next trough to the west, the glacier 
seems to have been smaller. No strong moraine was seen there. Further down 
the valleys there were smooth hills which we did not at the time take for moraines, 
but in the light of what was seen later, I am now disposed to regard them as 
weathered and rounded morainesof early origin. It was on the sides of these smooth 
hills that we saw the old irrigating canals, to be described in a later section. The 
glacial troughs, higher up the mountain, were of wide open, steep-sided, U-shaped 
form, eroded in the slanting granite highland already described. 
When descending from the Kum-ashu pass in the Kok-tal range, we .saw to 
the north a large moraine beneath a glaciated vallc)- of the Chalai range (Jumgal- 
tau on Stieler's map, sheet 62), beyond the Tuluk-su (fig. 49). The glacier that 
made this moraine must have been 3 or 4 miles long, heading in three cirques 
beneath the sharp peaks and aretes. On going up to the moraine the next morning, 
we .saw a second and larger one, which j\Ir. Huntington examined, about 2 miles 
Fig. 50. — Moraine in the Tuluk Valley, looking west. 
to the west. In both cases the large moraines were of well-rounded forms, with 
few surface bowlders and without distinct mounds or kettles, and the stream that 
issued from them had a well-opened valley with something of a graded and flood- 
planed floor. Moreo\er, the main ;\alley seemed to ha\e been significanth- deepened 
by the Tuluk-su since the moraine was laid in it ; and certainly some of the spurs 
on the south side of the main vallej- had lost their ends by the undercutting of the 
Tuluk, which the moraines had pushed against them, as shown in fig. 50 ; but the 
facets thus eroded on the spurs had roughly graded slopes, thus indicating that a 
considerable time had passed since the undercutting began. The other valley-side 
spurs showed no such facets, but tapered down to the valley floor. Within each of 
these large weathered moraines we found smaller moraines of much sharper and 
fresher form (fig. 51) ; their irregular mounds and ridges strewn with bowlders, their 
kettles holding small ponds, and their streams cascading in narrow courses. The 
youngest moraine ended about in line with the north rock wall of the main valley. 
This seemed to be a moraine of recession from a larger group of more advanced 
morainic loops. The time inter\'al of the retreat here indicated must have been 
short compared to the time that has elapsed since the larger moraine was formed. 
