GLACIAL RECORDS IN THE TIAN SHAN. 87 
In the afternoon of Jtily 16 we went 8 or 10 miles southwest of the head of 
the Ula-khol gorge, following the main stream west and south into the moimtains, 
and hoping to reach the valle}-s beneath the highest peak that we had seen from 
the lake shore ; ])Ut it proved that we were not far enough west ; and that bane of 
reconnaissance work, the lack of time, prevented our going farther. We found, 
however, at the mouth of a branch valley from the southeast a large, rounded 
morainic mass, similar in fonn and apparent age to those we had seen in the Tuluk 
Valley. A younger moraine was seen farther np the glaciated trough, in whose 
steep southern wall two hanging cirques opened. A terrace occurs in the main 
valley in association with the larger moraine. It was continued upstream as far as 
we could see, and there it was a hundred or more feet above the stream. It was 
distinctly traceable for half a mile down the valley, though with rapidly diminish- 
ing height in that direction ; farther down it was preserved only in small reinnants, 
and no signs of it were found in the longitudinal valley. Aggradation of the 
terrace seems to have been contemporaneous with the growth of the moraine, and 
the trenching and removal of the terrace with the weathering and rounding of the 
moraine. The moraine is thus doubly shown to be of considerable antiquity. 
This is confinned by finding that the terrace floor has been aggraded by wash from 
the moimtain sides, so that it now has a distinct slope toward the valley axis, 
instead of only a slope down the valley, as is habitual with young terraces. Two 
other old-looking moraines were seen ; one of them up the valley to the southwest, 
the other up a branch valley to the east. 
MORAINES IN THE KUNGEI ALA-TAU. 
As the Kuugei Ala-tau rises eastward along the north side of Issik Kul, the even 
crest line with which it begins is more and more dissected. Before the middle of 
the lake is reached the range has gained sharp Alpine fonns. A glacier was .seen 
high up among the summits, from near Tur-aigir station ; and a few miles north of 
Choktal station there seemed to be a moraine lying somewhat forward from the 
mouth of a valley, on the upper part of the piedmont slope, about 1,500 feet over 
the lake, or at an altitude of 6,700 feet. Further reference will be made to this 
moraine in connection with Lake Issik Kul. Severtzof mentions what he takes to 
be a moraine lying on "lake beds" on the south side of Issik Kul (1875, 32). 
The ascent from the Russian village of Sazanovka, near the lake shore, north- 
ward toward Sutto-bulak pass, in our unsuccessful attempt to cross it, carried us 
past what seemed to be an old, dissected moraine on the east side of the Ok-su 
Valley, at an altitude of 7,000 feet. Farther up a branch valley we came to a well- 
defined moraine whose lower end stands at about 9,000 feet, and whose western 
lateral ridge is 200 or 300 feet high. It is rather sharply trenched by the valle)- 
stream. The glacier that made this moraine nuist have been at least 3 miles long. 
We followed the vallc)- nearly to its head in our cfibrt to cross the pa.ss, .seeing a 
niunber of cirques on either side, inclosed by sharpened aretes (fig. 52). A small 
glacier occupied the head of the valle\- for half a mile or more at a height of about 
