REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS. I7 
the Alai Mountains. Between some, at least, of these there were long interglacial 
intervals. Mr. Huntinofton reports records of climate oscillation shown not only 
in these moraines, but also in the vallc)- terraces, and considers them to be members 
of a group of sympathetic glacial phenomena. 
Professor Davis noted along the northern edge of the Kopet Dagh, the moun- 
tains bordering the plains east of the Caspian Sea, and in the eastern mountains 
evidence of a longitudinal dislocation, accompanied by great block uplifts, fonned 
apparently after the w^earing down of the mountain masses to a peneplain and 
preceding an active dissection of the elevated mass. This dislocation had been 
already observed by Muschketof, who states that it extends far along the edge of the 
Kopet Dagh. 
Mr. R. W. Pumpelly studied independently the region from the Syr Darja 
southward across the two mighty snow and ice ranges, the Alai and Trans-Alai. 
He found clear evidence of two long-separated glacial epochs recorded in extensive 
moraines, and, on the Pamir, in apparently corresponding high shorelines around 
Lake Kara Kul. These glacial epochs he has coixelated with orogenic movements 
of the Trans-Alai, there being a definite relation between the glacial trough bottoms 
of the two epochs and the present stream floors. In the Alai range, he found that 
there had been a block uplift followed by a block tilt, both with a dislocation 
through the border of the lowland plains to the north, and leaving their records in 
alluvium-capped hills and terraces along the valle}- sides and in the dragging up or 
tilting of the fluvial sediments or river fans on the lowland borders. These 
movements he has correlated with the glacial geology, making the block tilt an 
interglacial event. 
These block uplifts, b>- lowering the base level, caused a remodeling of the 
mountains, and have left their record on the lowland plains, which they have helped 
to create, by the vast amount of material poured out on them by the eroding 
streams. 
The block-uplifting and the tilting being correlated with the growth of the 
alhuial Fergana lowlands, and the relation of the glacial expansions to the \-alley- 
cuttings in the Trans-Alai range being clearly recorded, it becomes a matter of 
great interest to correlate these Quaternar}- events of the Trans-Alai \-allo\s with 
those of the Alai range and the lowlands, and the growth of the plains witli the 
progress of human occupation. 
It is not impossible that, by extending the study of glacial records from the 
Central-Asian ranges through the Elburg and Caucasus, it may be practicable to 
correlate Asiatic and Alpine glacial events ; and since the great basin was fed both 
by glaciers of the southern ranges and by the great ice cap of Russia, this correla- 
tion of both might be effected ; for, in view of the great orogenic movements to which 
the Caucasus, the Persian Mountains, and the Tian Shan have been subjected, it 
can not be positi\elv asserted that the Central-Asian glacial expansions were all 
contemporaneous with phases of the nuindane glacial epoch. 
