8 
EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN. 
alternate with la)-ers rich in g-ray ashes and charcoal, and others of closely matted 
fragments of potter\-. Animal bones, teeth, and jaws, some of which are partially 
ailcined, occur frequently in all layers, with a few human bones and skulls. Sev- 
eral whole \ases and muffle-sliaped chests, made of coarse pottery mixed with dung, 
had been cut bv the trench. These apj^eared to contain only fine ashes and char- 
coal. Most of the fragmentary pottery is of this coarse quality, but there are also, 
even at the bottom of the trench, many fragments of finer te.xture, decorated with 
, Clay walls over 
which the strata bend 
Fig. I. — Section of the Trenched Tumulus at Anau. 
simple designs of l>lack on red. We found sc\cral granite stones with cnn-cd- 
plane surface, which had evidently been shai)ed for mealing grain by the Dictate 
method, and also a roughly spherical stone, which had apparently been pierced for 
the insertion of a handle, then to be used as a maul. The whole character of the 
timuilus shows that it grew from the plain upwards, as a slow accmnulation of the 
debris of long occupation. Tlie fact that the layers, even at the top, extend hori- 
zontally to the edges pro\-es that it was fonncrly flat-topped and much larger, for 
had it dming occupation ever assumed a spherical surface the gro\rth would have 
Fig. 2. — The Trench in the Anau Tumulus. 
Fig. 3. — The Maul in the Anau Tumulus. 
been in concentric lasers. The same reasoning would show that it was ne\er 
abandoned for a long time and again occupied. Since its surface has not been 
gullied, it seems possible that it was shaped by wind action, although the earth is 
somewhat finnly cemented. General Komorof found one celt of quartzite and 
some needles of bone, but absolutel\- no metal. Of the bones, I sent a representative 
collection to Professor Zittel, in Munich, for determination. 
One peculiar feature in the structure is the interruption and bending over of 
the layers at the two apparent earth walls. (Fig. 5.) 
