VI CONTENTS. 
The Tian Shan Mountains — Continued. 
Weather, climate, and vegetation in the Tian Shan 70 
Development of the Tian Shan Mountains ' 72 
The Bural bas-tau y^ 
The Kokta] Range and the Son Kul Basin 74 
The ranges near Issik Kul 74 
The ranges and steppes of Semiryetshensk and Semipalatinsk 77 
Origin of the existing ranges of the Tian Shan 80 
The bearing of the Tian Shan ranges on the theory of horsts 82 
Glacial records in the Tian Shan &} 
Moraines near Son Kul 84 
Moraines in the Terskei Ala-tau 86 
Moraines in the Kungei Ala^au 87 
"^ Subdivision of the Glacial period 88 
" Glacial erosion in the higher ranges 89 
The Narin Tertiary Basin 02 
The period of deposition 02 
The period of deformation and erosion ■ 03 
The rivers and valleys of the Tian Shan pj 
Rivers of the Issik Kul district ng 
" The Kugart terraces P7 
The terraces of the Narin Basin 102 
^ ■ Origin of the terraces 103 
The Issik Kul Basin 105 
The early basin deposits 105 
The piedmont slopes and valleys 106 
I- The recent changes of Issik Kul log 
• Relations of the river Chu to Issik Kul 1 1 1 
Notes on archeology 114 
/ Conclusion 117 
List of references 118 
Physiographic Observations Between the Syr Darya and Lake 
Kara Kul, on the Pamir, in 1903. 
Description of the route 123 
Detailed observations 132 
In the Alai Valley 13-3 
In the Kizil-Art Valley 136 
Moraines 137 
On the Pamir 138 
Ancient shorelines and sediments of the Great Kara Kul Basin 138 
Observations on the glacial geology of the Great Kara Kul Basin 140 
The Kara Jilga moraine 142 
Observations in the region of Kizil Kul 143 
Fluctuations of lake level and glacial advances explained by climatic changes 143 
Glacial epochs 145 
Form of the great Alai Valley 146 
The valley itself 146 
Side tributaries 146 
Explanation of conditions 147 
Observations in the Taldic Valley 148 
Observations on the southern border of the Fergana lowland plains 151 
Attempt at correlation of recent geology of the mountains and plains 153 
Miscellaneous observations on the lowland plains ISS 
Conclusion 155 
