CONTENTS. 
Archeological and Physico-Geographicai, Reconnaissance in 
Turkestan. 
Page. 
Introduction 3 
Itinerary 3 
Outline sketch of the region 5 
Evidences of former occupation 7 
Tumuli (or kurgans) ." 7 
Ancient towns 9 
Ruins near Atrek River 9 
Ancient Merv 10 
Ruins of Paikent 10 
Samarkand lO 
Review of the field 12 
Results in physical geography 16 
Recommendations 18 
Town sites 18 
Tumuli 18 
Summary ig 
A Journey Across Turkestan. 
Itinerary 23 
Nature of observations 23 
The Caspian region 24 
The Tertiary and Quaternary Caspian 24 
The Bosporus 26 
The south coast of the Black Sea 26 
U-^ The Quaternary Caspian shorelines near Baku 28 
'' The Quaternary shorelines near Krasnovodsk and Jebel 33 
The plains of Southern Turkestan 36 
1/ The Quaternary Aralo-Caspian in the Kara Kum 37 
The piedmont plains 40 
The Akhal-tekin oases 41 
The Kopet Dagh 46 
The Firuza Basin 47 
The Serani Valley 49 
The Selsuparali Basin 50 
The terraces of Duruigar Valley 52 
The desert plains 54 
The aggrading rivers of the plains 55 
Loess deposits 58 
Loess near Samarkand 58 
Loess near Jizak 59 
Loess in Fergana 60 
Loess dn Semiryetshensk 61 
Loess in (western) Kugart Valley 63 
The Tian Shan Mountains 64 
Preparation for the mountain journey 64 
Route over the mountains 67 
V 
