136 
EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN. 
trou.s^li, into which the foremost part of the glacier projected. A few hundred feet 
in front there lay fresh piles of till dropped on the moraine floor and in the small 
trough. These last moraines were in no case nearer than several hundred feet to 
to the glacier, which was in all cases tenninated by glistening walls of ice. All the 
ice flows were disproportionately narrow in comparison to the width of the troughs 
containing them. We also .saw, from a greater di.stance, nian\- smaller glaciers on 
the Trans-Alai. None of those examined reached lower than about 13,000 feet. 
The largest glacier was that coming down from the middle of the Mount 
Kaufmaim mass. The glacier I did not visit, but had a splendid view of it from high 
up on a moraine some 2 miles in front. It draws its ice from a group of several large 
amphitheaters, some of which collect ice sliding over their walls from smaller 
cirques above. Just cast of this there is another glacier nearly as large as this and 
which evidentU- formed, at one time, a branch of the great one. Both glaciers have 
Kizyl-art 
(13.721) I 
Terraces of outer trough bottom - - 
" " Inner trough bottom ~ - 
VALLEY 
Klzyt Su Daria 
■ (10.100) 
Alluvium Beds of streams 
These sections are Ideah'zed 
Scale : 1 inch horizoutal = 4 vensts ; i inch vertical — 1,000 feet. 
Fig. 99. — Profile to show moraines and terraces ot the Kizil-Art Valley. 
now retreated back of the point of former union. Perhaps the two most striking 
features of the glacier were, first, the lack of \'isible debris on its clean white ice 
flow ; second the remarkabl)- free character of its sparkling ice front, the entire 
depth and breadth of which could be seen by an observer a mile or two in front and 
several hundred feet below. 
IN THE KIZIL-ART VALLEY. 
The obser\'ations in this valley are best stated in the order beginning with the 
source of the stream. The vallc)- is, for the most part, car^-ed in highly tilted, soft, 
partially decomposed red gjpsiferous rocks, alternating with mediinn hard red sand- 
stones and blue-gray slates. No granite or other hard rocks were seen except in 
