PHYSIOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS. 
141 
Overriding these older moraines there are later ones of fresh topography having 
many iindrained depressions above the 105-foot level, but contoured by shorelines 
from this level down. No sediments were seen on these later moraines. 
About 5 versts northwest of the isthmus joining the north peninsula to the 
mainland we had the best opportunity to study the relations of the moraines to each 
other and to the Kara Kul sediments and shorelines. This locality includes a por- 
tion of the long, high, frontal bluff of a later moraine overriding the smoothed-ofT 
old moraine. The second or later moraine has here reached the Kara Kul sedi- 
ments overlying the first or older moraine and pushed up a distorted mass^of these 
Figs. 104 and 105. — Sediment pushed up by an overriding Moraine. 
sediments some 50 feet high (figs. 104 and 105). Great masses of the bedded clays 
lie tilted on others inclining in the opposite direction. Some stand on edge, most 
of them are bent, and numerous small columns stand where carved out by the 
wind, their stratifications showing inclinations either towards or from the over- 
riding moraine. These clays are at present ver\- brittle. 
Just to the east of this locality the coating of clays becomes thinner and in 
places seolian carving has exposed the underlying moraine, which, a little farther 
on, rises to view. On certain undisturbed 
surfaces of the sediments and in places on 
the beaches of both the old and the new 
moraines there are peculiar bushy concre- 
tions or growths of calcium sulphate mixed 
with clay (fig. 106). They stand upright, 
and are firmly cemented to the ground, 
which fairh- bristles with them over con- 
siderable areas. Similar concretions wen- 
seen forming in the brine pools on tlu- 
present lake shore. I am indebted to Pro- 
fessor Palache, of Harvard, for the analysis 
of these growths. 
From these various observations we may rea.sou : (i) that the older moraine 
predates the Kara Kul sediments at this point; (2) that tlie deposition of at least 
Fig. 106. — Concretionary growths of Calcium Sulphate 
on Moraine more than 1 00 feet above Lake. 
