i84 
EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN. 
unexpected result was obtained in the study of this question. TIr- moraines were 
found to indicate glacial epochs so numerous that the writer was very slow to 
accept the conclusions that they indicated. It was not until a considerable number 
of glaciated valleys had been examined that credence was given to the occurrence 
of several glacial epochs separated by warm interglacial epochs. It thus appears 
that there were certainly two and probably five glacial epochs, separated by long non- 
glacial intervals of ordinary erosion, during which tlie climate was relatively warm. 
AN OLDER AND A YODNGHR GLACIAL EI'OCH. 
The less doubtful question of two glacial epochs will be first taken up. The 
valleys where old moraines were found numbered over twenty, and all l)ut three or 
four of them were examined up to their heads, or at least up to snow and ice. All, 
not even excepting the two or three small ones seen at first, show an older and a 
younger moraine (see Table III), although in some the distinction was but slight. 
Table III. — Glacial phenotnena of Turkestan, showing the number of moraines in 
each valley visited and the glacial epoch to which each belongs. 
Name and location of valley. 
Nameless valley, south of Son Kul 
Nameless valley, northeast of Son Kul- . . 
Tuluk Su (upper), north of Son Kul . . 
Tuluk Su (lower), north of Son Kul • . . 
Kashga Su, south of Issilc Kul 
Ulakhol, south of Issik Kul 
Jukuchak, south of Issik Kul 
Jukuchak, western tributary 
Yak Tash, Tian Shan plateau 
Chakur Kotum, Tian Shan plateau 
Chakur Korutn (south), branch of Kara 
Kul Su. 
Mudirum (Als Sai), Tian Shan plateau 
Kosargun (NE. of Chatar Kul), Tian 
Shan plateau. 
Nameless valley, west of No. 13 
Terek Davan (S. side). Alai Mountains 
Terek Davan (N. side), Alai Mountains 
Kichik Alai, Alai Mountains. 
Kichik Alai (W. side). Alai Mountains. 
Kauk Bel. Alai Mountains 
Taka, north slope of Pamir 
Khoja Ishken (Kok Su), Alai Mountains 
Bursundu, branch of No. 21 , Alai Moun- 
tains. 
Kan Su, north slope of Pamir, in Bokhara 
Ispairan, Alai Mountains 
Elevation 
of base of 
lowest 
10,300 
10,700 
10,000 
10,000 
7.400 
8.200 
8,600 
9,300 
11,200 
11,200 
11,300 
10.900 
11,600 
11.800 
10.950 
10,300 
7.900 
7,300 
11,500 
9,700 
8,000 
9,500 
8,500 
7.500 
Occurrence of moraines. 
Epoch Epoch 
I, 11. 
X 
1 
X 
I 
X 
I 
X 
X 
X 
X X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
0)_ 
X 
(» 
X 
X 
X 
V 
Epoch 
IV. 
X 
X 
x" 
X 
"x 
X 
I 
X 
Epoch 
V. 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
I 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
I 
X 
X 
~x 
X 
X 
(?) 
X 
X 
X I X 
(?) 
X 
X 
X 
x~ 
X 
X 
X 
X~ 
X 
X 
X 
~k 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Preient 
VI 
X 
X 
X 
X 
(?) 
X 
X 
Elevatioa 
of foot of 
present 
moraine. 
11.600 
12,600 
12,600 
12,900 
11,500 
11,400 
10.500 
Crosses (X) indicate moraines. Wfiere a cross is on a line the moraine may be of either of the adjacent ages. 
Braces ( ~- — ■) indicate that though it is possible to distinguish two or more moraines they may be stages of one. 
The elevaUons are taken by aneroid, and arc only approximate within live hundred feet. 
