i88 
EXPLORATIONS IN TURKESTAN. 
and paused at 3, where it deposited a moraine. Above this point the ice deepened 
and broadened its cliannel to the line IV. Tlie erosive action of the glacier ceased 
where the moraine lay, and the oidy erosion there was that of the glacial stream 
which began to cut a narrow gorge that bore the same relation to its \olume that 
the broad valley above bore to the volume of the ice that filled it. Thus the place 
where the moraine lay became an elevation with reference to the general grade of 
the valley, and at its upper end there was an actual as well as a relative increase of 
relief over the upstream portion, where the glacier had been at work. When the ice 
Fig. 132. —Youngest Gorge ot the Khoja ishken, cut in the Bottom oi the Main Glacial 
Valley. The over-steepened sides o( the latter show clearly on the right. 
retired the stream continued to simplify the slope of its bed b)- filling the glaciated 
hollow with gravel (C) and cutting the gorge still deeper. Three repetitions of these 
events produced three gorges. Further examples of gorges thus formed were seen 
in the valleys of Ispairan, Kichik Alai, and elsewhere, although they were by no 
means so perfect as in the Khoja Ishken \'alley. The glacial scouring of all these 
valleys seems to have been closely analogous to but less powerful than that by 
which the fjords and glacial valley lakes of Europe and America are sujjposed to 
have been formed. 
