LATER INVESTIGATIONS 
19 
the output of carbon dioxide was proportional to the load. At the end of each 
experiment the pulse-rate was taken, but in no case was it unusually high, 
indicating that the work was not excessive. Exactly the same type of appa- 
ratus was employed by Johansson and Koraen a to study the effect of static 
work upon metabolism. 
Table 3. — Carbon-dioxide production during muscular work. 
No. 
Carbon-dioxide 
production per 
kilogrammeter 
of work. 
Nature of work. 
Author. 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
gram. 
0.00086 
0.00106 
0.00532 
0.00719 
0.00394-0.00493 
0.00473 
0.00571 
0.00829 
0.00317 
0.00221 
0.00428 
0.00214 
0.00332 
0.00368 
Raising weight with arm . 
Do. 
Do. 
Turning wheel with arm 
Do. 
Raising weights 
Work on Gartner's ergostat 
Walking inclined plane 
Climbing ladder average of 8 experiments 
Do 
Work on Gartner's ergostat; average of 8 experiments 
Work on Fick's dynamometer; average of 9 experiments 
VoiU 
Do. 
Speck, 1866.« 
Speck, 1871.' 
Speck, 1871.* 
Speck, 1885.* 
Speck, 1885.« 
Hanriot and Richet.* 
Katzenstein. 7 
Katzenstein. 8 
Sonden and Tigerstedt 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
1 Volt, Handbuch d. Physiol., 1881, 6, 1, p. 202. 
* Speck, Physiologie des menschlichen Athmens, Leipsic, 1892, p. 63. 
» Speck, ibid., pp. 66-63. 
* Speck, ibid., p. 69 folg. 
S Speck, ibid., p. 80. 
« Hanriot and Richet, Comptes rend, de 1'academie des sciences, 1887, 115, p. 78. 
1 Katzenstein, Pfluger's Archiv f. d. ges. Physiol., 1891, 49, p. 359; carbon dioxide computed by Sonden and 
Tigerstedt. 
8 Katzenstein, loc. cit., p. 367; carbon dioxide computed by Sonden and Tigerstedt. 
A most interesting series of experiments was carried out under Rubner's 
direction by Wolpert b in the Hygienic Institute in Berlin. Using a large 
respiration chamber designed by Rubner, Wolpert studied the actual daily 
work of men and women employed in different occupations, his subjects 
including a seamstress, a writer, a tailor, a lithographer, a sewing-machine 
operator, a draftsman, a mechanic, and both a man shoemaker and a woman 
shoemaker. Only the production of carbon dioxide was observed. In an 
investigation upon the influence of the temperature of the air on the quantity 
of carbon dioxide produced by man during severe muscular work, Wolpert, 
employing an ergostat, found that every gram of carbon dioxide corresponded 
to approximately 300 kilogrammeters of work, consequently that every kilo- 
grammeter corresponded to 3| milligrams of carbon dioxide. Employing 
this factor in his studies on the work of different laborers, he computed the 
hourly external muscular work of the different subjects as ranging from 900 
kilogrammeters for the seamstress to 8,000 kilogrammeters for the man 
shoemaker. 
Using the Pettenkofer-Voit respiration chamber in Berlin, Rubner c 
made experiments with a subject who took a large quantity of carbohydrate 
in one period and of protein in another, performing each day 100,000 kilo- 
grammeters of work. By measuring the resting requirement, Rubner found 
that the increase in energy due to this amount of work when sugar was taken 
a Johansson and Koraen, Skand. Archiv, 1902, 13, p. 229. 
» Wolpert, Archiv f. Hvgiene, 1896, 26, p. 68. 
« Rubner, Sitzber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., 1910, 16, p. 316. 
