12 
MUSCULAR WORK 
man's body during a day of work appeared in the literature. These computa- 
tions, which are all based upon mathematical considerations entirely disso- 
ciated from chemical transformations in the body, present an interesting array 
of opinions. They are given in abstract in table 2. More recent estimates 
are not included. 
Table 2. — Computation of a day's work for a man. 
Computer. 
Nature of work. 
Length 
Amount 
of day. 
of work. 
hours. 
kilogramm't'rs 
8 
289,000 
10 
361,700 
6 
89,600 
6 
72,300 
6 
55,200 
10 
38,800 
10 
49,300 
8 
211,000 
8 
179,200 
10 
164,200 
8(?) 
66,400 
9 
56,083 
14 
87,241 
(?) 
80,635 
(?) 
75,240 
8 
204,610 
8 
282,100 
10 
125,100 
10 
86,700 
(?) 
112,400 
10 
109,000 
(?) 
113,400 
(?) 
194,700 
115,100 
197,200 
124,000 
104,900 
180,500 
109,549 
8 
302,400 
5 
178,500 
10 
315,000 
7 
173,250 
10 
300,000 
8 
201,600 
546,800 
168,900 
7 
204,250 
138,000 
414,000 
276,000 
73,000 
Rankine • . 
Donders 2 . 
Lamande J . . 
Coulomb ' . . 
Haughton 4 . 
Weisbach 5 
Vierordt * . . . 
Trautwein 7 . 
Thurston 8 . 
Mosso • . . . 
Ascending ladder or stairs 
. Do 
Lifting weight with rope 
Lifting weights by hand , 
Carrying weights upstairs 
Shoveling earth to height of 5 ft. 3 in , 
Wheeling loaded barrows up incline of 1 in 12 returning empty 
Pushing or pulling on capstan or oar , 
Turning a crank or winch 
Working a pump , 
Hammering , 
Raising weight with rope (in pile-driving; 4| hrs. actual labor). 
Do. (7.27 hrs. actual labor) 
Laying paving stones , 
Do 
Ascending mountain (Teneriffe) , 
Ascending ladder , 
Do 
Pushing "swing-lift " horizontally , 
Ascending ladder with burden and descending with decreased 
burden; hodman carrying bricks 
Raising weight (by hand?), paviors using rammer (4.4 hrs. actual 
labor) 
Walking 20 miles (30.48 kilometers) without burden 
The same, according to Weisbach 'a method 
Walking 24 kilometers alternately with and without burden; 
porters carrying goods 2,000 meters and making 6 journeys a 
day (Coulomb) 
The same, according to Weisbach's method 
Laying paving stones 
Walking 19 kilometers with burden of 44 kilograms; pedlers 
(Coulomb) 
The same, according to Weisbach's method 
Average work of man 
Ascending easy incline or stairs 
Lifting weight, hammer 
Walking unburdened 1.5 meters per second, 3 J miles per hour. . . . 
Walking with burden of 40 kilograms 0.75 meter per second, or 
1$ miles per hour 
Estimate for a healthy laborer 
Do. (including rest) 
Walking backward and forward on a tilting lever 
Raising beetle 
Working on a treadmill 
Raising water with pump 
Marching, carrying knapsack — soldier (Ruhlmann) 
Average work of men 
Raising weight 
1 Rankine. Manual of applied mechanics, 2d ed., Glasgow, 1S60, p. 626. 
* Donders, Nederlandsch. Arch. v. Genees. — en Natuurkunde, 2, p. 210. Also, Journ. Anat. Physiol., 1867, 
1, p. 163. 
3 Cited by Dowlers, Nederlandsch. Arch. v. Genees. — en Natuurkunde, 1864; also, Dublin Quarterly Journal 
of Science, 1866, 41, p. 469. 
* Haughton, Principles of animal mechanics, London, 1873, pp. 51-62. 
6 Weisbach, Lehrbuch d. Ingenieur u. Maschinenmechanik, 2 Theil, 2 Abth., 5 Aufl., 18S3-S7, p. 83. Cited 
by Vierordt, Anat. physiol. u. physik. Daten u. Tabellen, Jena, 1893, p. 293. 
* Vierordt, Anatomische, physiologische und physikalische Daten und Tabellen, Jena, 1893, p. 293. 
7 Trautwein, Engineer's Pocket Book. Cited by Carpenter, in The effect of severe and prolonged muscular 
work and the mechanical work and efficiency of bicyclers, by Atwater, Sherman, and Carpenter, U. S. 
Dept. Agr., Off. Expt. Stas. Bui. No. 98, 1901. 
8 Thurston, The animal a3 a prime mover, Ann. Rept. Smithsonian Institution, 1896, p. 297. 
» Mosso, La fatigue intellectuelle et physique, Paris, 1894. 
