Table 12. Costs of weed suppression for major land man- 
agement agencies and estimates for the private cropland 
operators for North Dakota, 1978. 

Suppression cost 


Group (nearest thousand) 
N.D. State Highway Department $ 230,000 
Railroads (8,109 km) 625,000 
County and township roads@ 265,000 
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 80,000 
N.D. Game and Fish Department 15,000 
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 12,000 
U.S. Forest Service 89,000 
Private land operators? 25,023,000 

aBased on a three-county average. 
bBased on 10,009,100 Ib of product (Nalewaja et al. 1980) x esti- 
mated average costs of $2.50/lb in 1978. 
mammals (Table 14). Vegetative characteristics of these 
species were life-form—21 forbs and 4 grasses; growth 
habit — 18 annuals, 5 perennials, and 2 biennials; and ori- 
gin — 16 introduced and 9 native species. Only three native 
perennial species (forbs) occurred on earth mounds. Only 
1 species representative of the regulated noxious weed 
group and 10 species of the problem cropland weed group 
were present. 
Table 13. Common names of 44 plant species that oc- 
curred within stands of seeded nesting cover but not 
within quadrats, 

Black-eyed susan 
Black nightshade 
Blue stickseed 
Bracted vervain 
Broomweed 
Canada anemone 
Canada wild rye 
Catnip 
Common motherwort 
Common mullein 
Cut-leaved nightshade 
Daisy fleabane 
False dandelion 
Fescue sedge 
Field mint 
Gaura 
Green sagewort 
Hairy golden aster 
Hedge mustard 
Little bluestem 
Musk thistle 
Northern bedstraw 
Northern gentian 
Orchardgrass 
Perennial sow thistle 
Pink cockle 
Prairie bird’s-foot-trefoil 
Prickly pear cactus 
Red osier 
Reed canarygrass 
Rock cress 
Russian olive 
Shepherd’s purse 
Showy locoweed 
Slender milkvetch 
Smallflower wallflower 
Stinging nettle 
Timothy 
Violet wood sorrel 
Western wheatgrass 
Wild rhubarb 
Willow-leaved dock 
Wormseed wallflower 
Yellow whitlowort 

aScientific names appear in Table A-3. 
15 
Table 14. Common names of 25 plant species that oc- 
curred on earth mounds made by pocket gophers and 
badgers. 


Rock cress 
Russian thistle 
Tumbling mustard 
Upright yellow wood sorrel 
Western ragweed 
White cockle 
Annual sunflower@ 
Canada thistle 
Common pigweed 
Cut-leaved nightshade 
Dog mustard 
Field mustard 
Flixweed White sweet clover 
Frenchweed Wild buckwheat 
Japanese brome Wild oat 
Kochia Witchgrass 
Yellow foxtail 
Yellow sweet clover 
Lamb's quarters 
Marsh elder 
Peppergrass 



«Scientific names appear in Table A-3. 
Vegetation associated with areas skipped during plant- 
ing. — Thirty-three plant species occurred on areas left un- 
seeded when SNC was established (Table 15). Vegetative 
characteristics of these species were life-form —28 forbs 
and 5 grasses; growth habit—20 annuals, 10 perennials, 
and 3 biennials; and origin— 23 introduced and 10 native 
species. There were only three native perennial species, 
one grass, and two forbs. Three species were representa- 
tive of the regulated noxious weed group and 13 species 
were of the greater problem cropland weed group. 
Areas skipped during planting did not completely re- 
vegetate with SNC mixture species but were colonized by 
other plant species in the first 9 subsequent years. Skips left 
by drilling operations had obvious boundaries (Fig. 9) 
whereas skips left by aerial or ground broadcast operations 
had vague boundaries and were usually more pronounced 
Table 15. Common names of 33 plant species that 
occurred on areas left barren during planting operations. 


Annual sunflower@ 
Blue stickseed 
Blue wild lettuce 
Canada thistle 
Cheatgrass 
Common dandelion 
Common pigweed 
Curly-cup gumweed 
Curly dock 
Dog mustard 
Field mustard 
Flixweed 
Frenchweed 
Horseweed 
Japanese brome 
Kochia 
Lamb's quarters 
Peppergrass 
Perennial sow thistle 
Prickly lettuce 
Purslane 
Russian thistle 
Smooth catchfly 
Sow thistle 
Thymeleaf euphorbia 
Tumbling mustard 
Western dock 
Western ragweed 
White cockle 
Wild barley 
Wild buckwheat 
Wild oat 
Yellow foxtail 

4Scientific names appear in Table A-3. 
