ingredients including 23.0% heptachlor, 5.0% y-chlor- 
dane, 0.4% a-chlordane, and less than 0.01% heptachlor 
epoxide. These compounds subsequently made up over 
92% of the amount of all organochlorine insecticides in 
the soil from heptachlor-treated plots and 91% in the 
earthworms. The remainder was composed mostly of diel- 
drin, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, and p,p’-DDD. 
Heptachlor and chlordane compounds remaining in 
soils and earthworms following the application of techni- 
cal heptachlor are presented in Fig. 4. Each line represents 
the mean of the two replications (plots). Differences be- 
tween replications were not significant for any compound 
in either soils or earthworms. Because a-chlordane was 
found infrequently and in small amounts, it is included 
only in combination with the other compounds in the total 
(Fig. 4D). 
Residue differences among treatment levels for soils 
were significant for all individual compounds and the 
total. Differences among treatment levels for earthworms 
were significant only for heptachlor epoxide and total of 
heptachlor and chlordane compounds, and approached 
significance for y-chlordane (P = 0.06) and heptachlor 
(P = 0.12). All compounds (and their total) in soils and 
earthworms increased linearly with increasing levels of 
application, except heptachlor in earthworms, which 
approached significance (P = 0.06). 
Soil residue differences among sampling periods were 
significant for heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, the com- 
bined total of all organochlorines (P < 0.01) and for 
y-chlordane. Soil levels of heptachlor declined over the 
9-year period, while those of heptachlor epoxide 
increased. Levels of y-chlordane fluctuated during this 
time but did not decrease significantly. The total was sig- 
nificantly greater at the beginning before the breakdown 
of heptachlor and again at 2 years, apparently reflecting 
the increase in heptachlor epoxide (Table 2). The decline 
in heptachlor and the increase in heptachlor epoxide in 
soils were linear (P < 0.01) with time (Table 4). 
In earthworms, quantities of all compounds and the 
combined total of all organochlorines differed (P < 0.01) 
among sampling periods (Table 3 and Fig. 4). Maximum 
heptachlor levels of 0.99, 1.7, and 3.2 ppm for 0.56, 2.24, 
and 8.97 kg ai/ha plots were recorded at 2 weeks. Levels 
declined until January, increased in March, and then dis- 
appeared. The January and March levels were 
significantly different from each other and both were less 
than the maximum at 2 weeks. Maximum residues of the 
remaining compounds, recorded in September (4 months 
after treatment), averaged 3.2, 11, and 30 ppm heptachlor 
epoxide; 1.4, 7.7, and 27 ppm y-chlordane; and 4.6, 19, 
and 58 ppm total heplachlor and its metabolites from the 
respective 0.56, 2.24, and 8.97 kg ai/ha plots. Residues 
then declined from November to January, increased into 
May, declined through September to a new low in 
January, and increased again through March into May. 
The highs and lows were significantly different and, 
generally, less than the maximum recorded at 4 months. 
ll 
The decline of heptachlor at all treatment levels and of 
y-chlordane at two levels was significantly linear (P< 
0.01) with time (Table 4). Heptachlor epoxide and total 
residues in earthworms declined with time at the lower 
treatment levels but not at the 8.97 kg ai/ha level. Within 
individual sampling periods, total heptachlors and 
chlordanes in earthworms were significantly correlated 
with levels in soils, but not over the 2-year study, probably 
because of seasonal fluctuations of residues in earthworms. 
Ratios of residues in earthworms to residues in soils, as 
measured for dieldrin and DDT, were not different for 
replications or levels of application. Differences in ratios 
of residues in worms to residues in soils among the 
sampling periods were significant (P < 0.01) for 
heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, y-chlordane, and total 
residues. Levels of heptachlor in earthworms averaged 4.3 
times those in soils at 2 weeks after application; thereafter 
the ratio gradually declined until, at 6 months, quantities 
in soil were greater than those in earthworms. Heptachlor 
epoxide in earthworms averaged 1,879 times the level in 
soil immediately after application, but by 2 weeks, 
differences were no longer significant. This initial 
difference probably was due to the more rapid conversion 
of heptachlor to its epoxide in worms than in soil. 
Maximum ratios of 75.6 for y-chlordane and 38.0 for total 
residues were reached at 4 months and declined in a cyclic 
pattern similar to that exhibited by earthworm residues. 
Ratios were significantly cyclic for heptachlor, 
y-chlordane, and total residues. 
Total soil and earthworm residues were compared by 
stepwise regression with other variables measured in this 
study (Table 6). Percent organic matter and pH in soils 
appeared to be related to fluctuations of the total hepta- 
chlors and chlordanes in soils, but this relationship was not 
significant. Over 71.6% (P < 0.01) of the variability in 
the total heptachlors and chlordanes in earthworms was 
accounted for by the linear regression equation 
Y = 1.23695 + 0.67113 X, — 0.03676 X, + 0.08872 X, 
+ 0.27928 X, 
where Y is the predicted logarithm of ppm of total residues 
in earthworms, X, is the logarithm of ppm in soils, X, is 
the percent soil moisture, X; is the total amount of rain 
falling during the 2 weeks before sampling, and X, is the 
percent lipid in earthworms. This equation describes only 
the existing relationship of total heptachlors and chlor- 
danes in earthworms to other variables, but it may have 
predictive value. 
Others have reported nonachlor (Lichtenstein et al. 
1970), l-hydroxychlordene (Bowman et al. 1965; Duffy 
and Wong 1967; Carter and Stringer 1970) and -chlor- 
dane (Harris et al. 1966; Duffy and Wong 1967; Saha and 
Stewart 1967: Saha et al. 1968; Gish 1970) in addition to 
heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide from heptachlor- 
treated soils. Heptachlor epoxide, chlordene, and 1-hy- 
droxychlordene may result from microbial conversion of 
heptachlor (Miles et al. 1969), but only heptachlor, hepta- 
