
13. 
14. 
1S, 
Anonymous. 1972. 
our flyways. 
63. 
Fishline is fouling 
Minn. Vol. 35(205):62- 
Waterfowl mortalities caused by entan- 
glement in fishing line are cited in 
this nontechnical article. Many wa- 
terfowl, particularly diving ducks, 
may become ensnared underwater and be 
undetected. The problem will continue 
until manufacturers develop biodegrad- 
able fishing line. 
FISHING, LAKES, RIVERS, WETLANDS, RECRE- 
ATION MANAGEMENT, WATERFOWL 
Atkinson-Willes, G. 1969. Wildfowl and 
recreation: A balance of require- 
ments. Br. Water Supply 11:5-15. 
Reservoirs in Great Britain’ have 
helped compensate for the loss of wa 
terfowl habitat through draining and 
development, but growing recreational 
needs are upsetting this balance. 
Some recreational activities cause 
less disturbance than others; these 
activities must be weighed against wa- 
terfowl conservation needs and compro- 
mise use plans developed on a large 
scale. 
BOATING, PICNICKING, SWIMMING, TOURISM, 
WILDLIFE VIEWING, LAKES, WETLANDS, REC- 
REATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT , 
WATERFOWL 
August, P. V., J. W. Clarke, M. H. Mc 
Gaugh, and R. L. Packard. 1979. De- 
mographic patterns of small mammals: 
A possible use in impact assessment. 
Pages 333-340 in H. H. Genoways and R. 
J. Baker, eds. Biological investiga- 
tions in the Guadalupe Mountains Na- 
tional Park, Texas. Symposium pro- 
ceedings, 4-5 April 1975, Lubbock, 
Texas. U.S. Natl. Park Serv. Proc. 
Trans. Ser. 4. 
Demographic patterns of small mammals 
can be useful in determining the ef- 
fects of human use upon a given area. 
Comparisons of populations before and 
after periods of human use _ reveal 
changes associated with use which may 
serve aS a measurement of disturbance. 
Preliminary results of pre-use studies 
in a National Park in Texas and appli- 
cations to the measurement of human 
disturbance are discussed. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), DESERTS, RECREA- 
16. 
Lf. 
18. 
TION MANAGEMENT, U.S. 
RODENTS 
NATIONAL PARKS, 
Aune, K. E. 1981. Impacts of winter 
recreationists on wildlife in a 
portion of Yellowstone National Park, 
Wyoming. M.S. Thesis. Montana State 
University, Bozeman. 111 pp. 
General responses of wildlife to win- 
ter recreationists in Yellowstone Na- 
tional Park were attention or alarm, 
flight, and, rarely, aggression. Re- 
sponses varied with the species in- 
volved, nature of the disturbance, and 
time of season. Winter recreation 
activity was not a major factor influ- 
encing wildlife distributions, move- 
ments, or population sizes, although 
minor displacement of wildlife from 
areas adjacent to trails was observed. 
Management recommendations are pre- 
sented. 
CAMPING, HIKING, SKIING, OFF-ROAD VEHI- 
CLES, TOURISM, HARASSMENT, WILDLIFE 
VIEWING, FORESTS, LAKES, HUMAN HEALTH 
AND SAFETY, FLIGHT DISTANCE, THREATENED 
AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION MAN- 
AGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, WILDLIFE 
(GENERAL), ELK, BISON, COYOTE, MULE 
DEER, MOOSE 
Baldwin, M. F. 1968. The snowmobile 
and environmental quality. Living 
Wilderness 32(104):14-17. 
Recreational use of snowmobiles is 
examined in terms of effects on envi- 
ronmenta | quality through noise, 
fumes, and impacts on fish, wildlife, 
and trails. Harassment of wild game, 
nongame, and predators by snowmobile 
users is described. Policy recommen- 
dations are suggested and discussed. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, HARASSMENT, RECREA- 
TION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Baldwin, M. F. 1970. The off-road ve- 
hicle and environmental quality. The 
Conservation Foundation, Washington, 
D.C. 52 pp. 
Social and environmental effects of 
off-road vehicles, primarily snowmo- 
biles are reported, including sections 
on trail and vegetation effects and 
fish and wildlife effects. Policies 
for management and control of off-road 
vehicles are suggested. 
