29. 
26. 
2/. 
ever, waterfowl use depended on the 
availability of a refuge area of the 
reservoir not accessible by boats. 
BOATING, LAKES, WATERBIRDS, WATERFOWL 
Bear, G. D., and G. W. Jones. 1973. 
History and distribution of bighorn 
sheep in Colorado. Colorado Division 
of Wildlife, Denver. 232 pp. 
Available information on the history, 
distribution, population trends, and 
ecological factors for bighorn sheep 
herds in Colorado are summarized. Hu- 
man influences are discussed for each 
of the herds; while few quantitative 
data are available, observations sug- 
gest that in many cases activities 
such as camping, hiking, and driving 
off-road vehicles influence sheep dis- 
tributions and activities. 
CAMPING, HIKING, HARASSMENT, OFF-ROAD 
VEHICLES, HORSEBACK RIDING, WILDLIFE 
VIEWING, FISHING, FORESTS, RANGELAND, 
TUNDRA, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, U.S. NA- 
TIONAL FORESTS, BIGHORN SHEEP 
Beeman, L. E. 1975. Population charac- 
teristics, movements, and activities 
of the black bear (Ursus americanus) 
in the Great Smoky Mountains National 
Park. Ph.D. Diss. University of Ten- 
nessee, Knoxville. 232 pp. 

Among aspects of black bear population 
ecology studied were activities and 
movements of nuisance bears. Panhand- 
ler bears concentrated their activi- 
ties around trail shelters, although 
they readily adapted to feeding on na- 
tive foods when backpackers were less 
numerous in fall and early winter. 
Moving nuisance bears to other areas 
of the park has been only partially 
successful due to their homing abili- 
ties. 
CAMPING, HIKING, TOURISM, FORESTS, HUMAN 
HEALTH AND SAFETY, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, 
U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, BLACK BEAR 
Beeman, L. E., and M. R. Pelton. 1976. 
Homing of black bears in the Great 
Smoky Mountains National Park. Pages 
87-95 in M. R. Pelton, J. W. Lentfer, 
and G. E. Folk, eds. Bears——their 
biology and management. Third Inter- 
national Conference on Bear Research 
and Management, June 1974, Binghamton, 
28. 
29, 
N.Y. and Moscow, USSR. IUCN Publ. New 
Ser. 40, Morges, Switzerland. 
Homing of nuisance black bears trans- 
ported from their home ranges’ was 
studied in Great Smoky Mountains Na- 
tional Park. Bears seemed strongly 
motivated to return to their home 
ranges; the greater the distance 
transplanted the less likely they were 
to home. Reducing unnatural food 
sources available to bears is probably 
the best way to prevent wild bears 
from becoming nuisance animals. 
CAMPING, HIKING, PICNICKING, TOURISM, 
WILDLIFE VIEWING, FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH 
AND SAFETY, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, RECREA- 
TION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, 
BLACK BEAR 
Behrend, D. F., and R. A. Lubeck. 1968. 
Summer flight behavior of white-tailed 
deer in two Adirondack forests. J. 
Wildl. Manage. 32:615-618. 
Flight behavior in two populations of 
white-tailed deer was studied in New 
York. Observations along forest roads 
and around a lakeshore suggested that 
deer may be more sensitive to approach 
by vehicle than by canoe. 
BOATING, OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, FORESTS, 
FLIGHT DISTANCE, WHITE-TAILED DEER 
Belikov, S. E. 1976. Behavioral as- 
pects of the polar bear, Ursus mari- 
timus. Pages 37-40 in M. R. Pelton, 
J. W. Lentfer, and G. E. Folk, eds. 
Bears—-their biology and management. 
Third International Conference on Bear 
Research and Management, June 1974, 
Binghamton, N.Y. and Moscow, USSR. 
IUCN Publ. New Ser. 40, Morges, Swit- 
zer land. 



Observations of polar bears on Wrangel 
Island, USSR, revealed relationships 
of parturient and lactating females to 
man, other animals, other females, and 
young. Behavior of pregnant and lac- 
tating bears can markedly change when 
disturbed. Disturbance is especially 
critical in fall when females begin to 
den. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), COASTAL ZONES, 
HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, FLIGHT DIS- 
TANCE, POLAR BEAR 
