48. 
49. 
Studies of white-tailed ptarmigan in 
Colorado revealed distribution, habi- 
tat requirements, and other biological 
factors of this alpine grouse. Losses 
of habitat affecting ptarmigan include 
the destruction of willow communities 
through road construction, development 
of winter recreation sites, and unreg- 
ulated use of snowmobiles. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, SKIING, TOURISM, TUN- 
DRA, FORESTS, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, U.S. NATIONAL FOR- 
ESTS, WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN 
Braun, C. E., K. W. Harmon, J. A. Jack- 
son, and C. D. Littlefield. 1978. 
Management of National Wildlife Ref- 
uges in the United States: Its im- 
pacts on birds. Wilson Bull. 90:309- 
321. 
Management activities on refuges af- 
fecting birds are discussed, including 
recreational activities. Although 
fishing and boating on refuge waters 
can be regulated to ensure compatabil- 
ity with bird populations, frequently 
control of such activities is inade- 
quate, resulting in disturbance of 
birds, loss of production of young, 
and displacement of waterbirds. Man- 
agement recommendations are suggested. 
BOATING, FISHING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, 
LAKES, RIVERS, WETLANDS, FORESTS, RANGE- 
LAND, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, 
U.S. NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES, RECREA- 
TION MANAGEMENT, WATERFOWL, WATERBIRDS 
Bray, O. E. 1967. A population study 
of black bears in Yellowstone National 
Park. M.S. Thesis. Colorado State 
University, Fort Collins. 97 pp. 
Studies using marked black bears in 
Yellowstone National Park showed that 
separate black bear populations ex- 
isted in roadside and backcountry 
areas. Bears were concentrated along 
roads, in campgrounds, and near dumps. 
Visitor use and number of bears count- 
ed during roadside censuses were 
strongly correlated. Bearproof gar- 
bage cans affected bear use of camp- 
grounds but not of roadside areas. 
CAMPING, TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FOR- 
ESTS, HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, RECREA- 
TION MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, 
BLACK BEAR 
12 
50. 
SL; 
52. 
Britton, E. E. 1979. Evaluation of 
public use impacts upon nesting shore- 
birds and the beach habitat on Chinco- 
teague National Wildlife Refuge. U.S. 
Fish and Wildlife Service, Chincotea- 
gue National Wildlife Refuge, Chinco- 
teague, Va. 37 pp. 
Impacts of off-road vehicles and pe- 
destrians on nesting shorebirds, ghost 
crabs, and beach habitat are describ- 
ed. Vehicle traffic caused mechanical 
damage to beach environments, but was 
insignificant compared to destruction 
caused by natural forces. The use of 
exclosures to attract and _ protect 
colonies of least terns was tested and 
found to be successful in limiting 
vehicle disturbance. 
HIKING, OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, COASTAL 
ZONES, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATION- 
AL WILDLIFE REFUGES, LEAST TERN, WATER- 
BIRDS 
Bryan, R. B., and M. C. Jansson. 1973. 
Perception of wildlife hazard in Na- 
tional Park use. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. 
Nat. Resour. Conf. 38:281-295. 
Increased visitation to North American 
National Parks is resulting in more 
people-wildlife encounters, thus gen- 
erating crucial management problems. 
Park management policies are subject 
to public opinions, which in turn de- 
pend on public perceptions. Results 
of a study to determine visitor per- 
ceptions of wildlife hazard in western 
National Parks are reported and man- 
agement implications are discussed. 
CAMPING, HIKING, TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEW- 
ING, FORESTS, TUNDRA, RANGELAND, HUMAN 
HEALTH AND SAFETY, RECREATION MANAGE- 
MENT, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, THREATENED 
AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, CANADIAN NATION- 
AL PARKS, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, WILDLIFE 
(GENERAL), GRIZZLY BEAR, BLACK BEAR, 
MOOSE, MULE DEER, ELK, MOUNTAIN LION 
Buckley, P. A., and F. G. Buckley. 1978. 
Guidelines for protection and manage- 
ment of colonially nesting waterbirds. 
U. S. National Park Service, North At- 
lantic Regional Office, Boston, Mass. 
52 pp. plus appendices. 
This comprehensive review of protec- 
tion and management of colonial water- 
birds discusses the nature and effects 
of human disturbance at nesting colo- 
