wn 
5é 
) 
T. 
nies impacts on the biology of birds 
are discussed in relation to the na- 
ture of disturbances. Protective mea- 
sures include public education and re- 
striction of activities. 
HIKING, HARASSMENT, WILDLIFE VIEWING, 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, 
COASTAL ZONES, PREDATION, REVIEW, RECRE- 
ATION MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, 
VATERBIRDS 
Budowski, G. 1976. Tourism and envi- 
ronmental conservation: Conflict, co- 
existence, or symbiosis? Environ. 
Conserv. 3:2/7-31. 
Relationships between tourism and con- 
servation are described as conflict- 
ing, coexisting, or symbiotic. Wide- 
spread environmental degradation has 
often resulted from tourism, as many 
places visited by tourists support 
fragile ecosystems. Proper attitudes 
and management schemes can lead to 
symbiotic relationships instead of 
conflicts. 
TOURTSM, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE 
(GENERAL) 
Buell, N. E. 1967. Refuge recreation: 
High standards equal quality. Living 
Wilderness 31(98): 24-26. 
The role of U.S. National Wildlife 
Refuges in providing recreational op- 
portunities is discussed in this popu- 
lar article. Planning for recreation 
on refuges is based on the view that 
quality of experience rather than 
quantity of use is most desirable to 
both visitors and protected wildlife. 
Responsibilities and approaches to 
recreation management are discussed. 
BICYCLING, BOATING, CAMPING, HIKING, 
PICNICKING, SWIMMING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, 
FISHING, LAKES, WETLANDS, THREATENED AND 
ENDANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGE- 
MENT, U.S. NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES, 
WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Burger, J. 1981. Effects of human dis- 
turbance on colonial species, particu- 
larly gulls. Colon. Waterbirds 4:28- 
36. 
Direct and indirect ways that human 
activities affect colonial waterbirds, 
especially gulls, are discussed. Data 
56. 
5/. 
from colonies in the eastern U.S. and 
Argentina are presented to analyze the 
effects of human disturbance on repro- 
ductive success. Since the effects of 
disturbance vary widely, investigators 
must evaluate how specific procedures 
affect the reproductive success of the 
birds studied. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
LAKES, COASTAL ZONES, PREDATION, WILD- 
LIFE MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL WILDLIFE 
REFUGES, GULLS, BIRDS 
Burghardt, G. M., R. O. Hietala, and M. 
R. Pelton. 1972. Knowledge and atti- 
tudes concerning black bears by users 
of the Great Smoky Mountains National 
Park. Pages 255-273 in S. Herrero, 
ed. Bears--their biology and manage~ 
ment. Second International Conference 
on Bear Research and Management, 6-9 
November 1970, Calgary, Alberta. IUCN 
Publ. New Ser. 23, Morges, Switzer- 
land. 
Results of interviews administered to 
700 park visitors concerning black 
bears are reported. A wide variety of 
scores were obtained from visitors. 
Question subject matter included demo- 
graphic characteristics of persons jn- 
terviewed, visitor bear knowledge, and 
visitor attitudes toward bears. While 
generalizations from the study are 
tenuous, the survey provided much data 
useful to the understanding of man- 
bear interactions. 
CAMPING, HIKING, TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEW- 
ING, FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, 
U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, BLACK BEAR 
Bury, R. B. 1978. Desert tortoises and 
off-road vehicles: Do they mix? Page 
126 in Desert Tortoise Council:  Pro- 
ceedings, 1978 Symposium, 1-3 April 
1978, Las Vegas, Nev. Desert Tortoise 
Council, San Diego, Calif. (Abstract 
only). 
Desert tortoise populations in the Mo- 
jave Desert, California, were studied 
in relation to off-road vehicle use. 
Tortoise numbers and biomass were low- 
er in vehicle-impacted areas than in 
control] areas, and total number of 
burrows and percentage active burrows 
were less on impacted sites. Off-road 
vehicle use displaces or kills tor- 
toises, collapses burrows, and de- 
stroys vegetation, and thus may be a 
