71. 
Sees 
73. 
Results of a survey to locate breeding 
populations of elf owls in California 
are reported, and possible reasons for 
the apparent population decline noted. 
Habitat destruction through land use 
changes is the most serious threat to 
California elf owls, but disturbances 
due to camping, boating, and scienti- 
fic collecting are also mentioned. 
BOATING, CAMPING, RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, ELF 
OWL 
Carson, R. D. 1966. Destruction of co- 
lonial birds on an island on Suggi 
Lake. Blue Jay 24:96-97. 
The destruction of a colony of white 
pelicans, double-crested cormorants, 
and great blue herons in Saskatchewan 
is documented. The island was used as 
a campsite by a group of fishermen, 
who apparently killed some pelicans 
and indirectly caused losses of nest- 
lings to California gull predation by 
disturbing nesting birds. 
CAMPING, FISHING, HARASSMENT, LAKES, 
PREDATION, WHITE PELICAN, DOUBLE-CRESTED 
CORMORANT, GREAT BLUE HERON, CALIFORNIA 
GULL 
Carter, L. J. 1974. Off-road vehicles: 
A compromise plan for the California 
desert. Science 183:396-398. 
Off-road vehicle activities in the 
California desert are described, and 
potential and actual impacts on wild- 
life and other resources discussed. 
Management alternatives are considered 
in relation to minimizing impacts on 
desert resources. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, DESERTS, RECREATION 
MANAGEMENT, U.S. BLM LANDS, WILDLIFE 
(GENERAL) 
Cauble, C. 1979. Glacier's beleaguered 
grizzlies. Natl. Parks Conserv. Mag. 
53(8): 22-25. 
Aspects of grizzly bear-human encoun- 
ters and management of bears and peo- 
ple in Glacier National Park, Montana, 
are described in this nontechnical 
article. Serious confrontations be- 
tween bears and park visitors have 
dramatically increased in recent 
years, reflecting increased backcoun- 
16 
74. 
75. 
try use and behavioral changes’ in 
bears which apparently are learning to 
associate food with man. Management 
of both bears and people is required 
to protect bear populations and pro- 
vide for human safety. 
CAMPING, HIKING, TOURISM, FORESTS, HUMAN 
HEALTH AND SAFETY, THREATENED AND ENDAN- 
GERED SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL 
PARKS, GRIZZLY BEAR 
Chapman, R. C. 1979. Human disturbance 
of wolf dens--a management problem. 
Pages 323-328 in R. M. Linn, ed. Pro- 
ceedings of the First Conference on 
Scientific Research in the National 
Parks, 9-12 November 1976, New Or- 
leans, La. Vol. 1. U.S. Natl. Park 
Serv. Trans. Proc. Ser. 5. 
Aspects of human disturbance at wolf 
dens were studied in Alaska. Wolves 
at homesites were experimentally dis- 
turbed, and wolf responses documented. 
Results are discussed in relation to 
determination of the size of closed 
areas around wolf dens in Mount McKin- 
ley National Park. 
CAMPING, HIKING, TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEW- 
ING, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, TUNDRA, 
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, U.S. 
NATIONAL PARKS, GRAY WOLF 
1976. Human wildlife 
interactions in the Gallatin Range, 
Yellowstone National Park, 1973-1974. 
M.S. Thesis. Montana State Univer- 
sity, Bozeman. 114 pp. 
Chester, J. M. 
Relationships between human use and 
the distribution, movements, and be- 
havior of seven species of wildlife in 
the backcountry of the Gallatin Range, 
Yellowstone National Park, were inves- 
tigated. Variation in the intensity 
of human use was rarely responsible 
for shifts in wildlife distribution. 
Wildlife belligerency toward humans 
was rare, although backcountry travel- 
ers tended to engage in activities 
which could increase detrimental en- 
counters with wildlife. 
CAMPING, HIKING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FOR- 
ESTS, HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, THREATEN- 
ED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION 
MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, U.S. 
NATIONAL PARKS, BLACK BEAR, GRIZZLY 
BEAR, ELK, BIGHORN SHEEP, MOOSE, COYOTE, 
MULE DEER 
