76. 
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78, 
Chester, J. M. 1980. Factors influenc- 
ing human-grizzly bear interactions in 
a backcountry setting. Pages 351-357 
in C. J. Martinka and K. L. McArthur, 
eds.  Bears--their biology and man- 
agement. Fourth International Confer- 
ence on Bear Research and Management, 
February 1977, Kalispell, Mont. Bear 
Biology Association. 
Grizzly bear distribution and behavior 
and human behavior were studied in 
Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 
Grizzlies used areas with elevations 
greater than the study area's average 
trail elevation. On-trail grizzly ob- 
servations peaked when grizzlies mi- 
grated to lower elevations. Some 
backcountry travelers engaged in ac-~ 
tivities that could encourage human- 
bear conflicts. 
CAMPING, HIKING, 
AND SAFETY, 
SPECIES, UiS- 
BEAR 
FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH 
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED 
NATIONAL PARKS, GRIZZLY 
Choate, J. S. 1967. Factors influenc- 
ing nesting success of eiders in Pe- 
nobscot Bay, Maine. J. Wildl. Manage. 
31: 769-777. 
Data recorded for 1,030 eider nests on 
five islands in Maine showed that pre- 
dation by gulls was responsible for 
most nest losses. Human disturbance 
was indirectly responsible for lowered 
nesting success by increasing vulnera- 
bility of nests to gull predation. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), COASTAL ZONES, 
PREDATION, COMMON EIDER, GULLS 
Chubb, M., and P. Ashton. 1969. Park 
and recreation standards research: 
The creation of environmental quality 
controls for recreation. Michigan 
State Univ., East Lansing, Dept. Park 
Recr. Resour. Tech. Rep. 5. 76 pp. 
This report examines recreational car- 
rying capacity in terms of controlling 
factors including wildlife. Problems 
of terminology and the use of the con- 
cept in Federal, State, and regional 
planning are discussed. Examples of 
recreation limited by or dependent on 
wildlife resources are given. 
TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, RECREATION 
MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, WILD- 
LIFE (GENERAL) 
17 
FS. 
80. 
81. 
Clark, S. H. 1968. 
and experimental 
American eider in 
Maine. M.S. Thesis. 
Maine, Orono. 1/1 pp. 
Breeding ecology 
management of the 
Penobscot Bay, 
University of 
During a study of eiders in Maine, 
nest success on islands tended to de- 
cline as visits per island increased. 
Predation on eider nests by herring 
gulls and black-backed gulls was fre- 
quent while disturbed eiders were away 
from nests. 
PREDA- 
GREAT 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, COASTAL ZONES, 
TION, COMMON EIDER, HERRING GULL, 
BLACK-BACKED GULL 
Clevenger, G. A., and G. W. Workman. 
1977. The effects of campgrounds on 
small mammals in Canyonlands and 
Arches National Parks, Utah. Trans. 
N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 42: 
473-484, 
Small mammal studies in 2 National 
Parks in Utah indicated that camp- 
grounds may have significant effects 
on populations of small mammals inhab- 
iting them. Additional food available 
at campgrounds may be partly responsi- 
ble for larger populations observed in 
campgrounds. 
CAMPING, DESERTS, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, 
DESERT COTTONTAIL, DEER MOUSE, COLORADO 
CHIPMUNK, ORD'S KANGAROO RAT, WHITE- 
TAILED ANTELOPE SQUIRREL, WOODRATS 
Cline, D. R., C. Wentworth, and T. W. 
Barry. 1979, Social and economic 
values of marine birds. Pages 1/3-182 
in J. C. Bartonek and D. N. Nettle- 
ship, eds. Conservation of marine 
birds of northern North America. Pa- 
pers from the International Symposium, 
13-15 May 1975, Seattle, Wash. U.S. 
Fish Wild]. Serv. Wildl. Res. Rep. Ll. 
Tangible and 
marine birds 
intangible benefits of 
to human societies are 
described. Seabirds provide recrea-~ 
tional, scientific, and educational 
values to people as well as signifi-~ 
cant economic benefits. Increasing 
numbers of people are visiting marine 
bird viewing areas of North America, 
contributing significantly to regional 
economies. Evaluations of biological 
and economic impacts resulting from 
tourism are urgently needed. 

