88. 
89, 
Transactions of the National Park Cen- 
tennial Symposium, 28-29 December 
1971. U.S. Natl. Park Serv. Symp. 
Ser. l. 
Park management procedures and their 
effects on man-bear interactions are 
described. Management actions begun 
jn 1970 and 1971 aimed to restore 
bears to the use of natural foods, and 
to reduce human injuries inflicted by 
bears. Management actions and a pre- 
liminary evaluation of the program re- 
sults are discussed. 
CAMPING, HIKING, TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEW- 
ING, FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, 
RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGE- 
MENT, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, 
U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, GRIZZLY BEAR 
Conover, M. R., and D. E. Miller. 1978. 
Reaction of ring-billed gulls to pre- 
dators and human disturbances at their 
breeding colonies. Pages 41-47 in 
Proceedings, 1978 Conference of the 
Colonial Waterbird Group, 20-23 Octo- 
ber 1978, New York, N.Y. 
During studies of ring-billed gull 
colonies in Washington, observations 
of gull responses to predators and hu- 
man disturbances were noted. When 
faced with a disturbance or predation, 
gulls may desert part or all of a 
nesting colony. The gulls' reaction 
depends on the nature of the distur- 
bance, the timing of the disturbance 
relative to the breeding season, the 
number of gulls present, and other 
factors. Such unstable colonies may 
be an adaptation to fluctuating and 
unpredictable predation pressures. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
LAKES, RIVERS, FLIGHT DISTANCE, RING- 
BILLED GULL 
Cooke, A. S. 1980. Observations on how 
close certain passerine species will 
tolerate an approaching human in rural 
and suburban areas. Biol. Conserv. 
18: 85-88. 
Data are presented on how close cer- 
tain passerines tolerate an approach- 
ing human before flying away. Species 
were more approachable jin suburban 
areas than in rural areas. In either 
area, small birds allowed a closer ap- 
proach than larger species. 
19 
90. 
eh 
92. 
WILDLIFE VIEWING, URBAN ZONES, FLIGHT 
DISTANCES, PASSERINES 
Cope, J. B. 1978. Can bats tolerate 
human invasion of their habitats? 
Pages 161-166 in C. M. Kirkpatrick, 
ed. Wildlife and people. Proceedings 
of the 1978 John S. Wright Forestry 
Conference, 23-24 February 1978, Pur- 
due University, West Lafayette, Ind. 
Interactions between humans and bats 
and reasons for recent bat population 
declines are noted. Because supersti- 
tions still color public opinions a- 
bout bats, education is very important 
jn bat conservation. Human distur- 
bance of bats, especially at hibernat- 
ing colonies in caves, is a major 
cause of population declines. Active 
conservation efforts by biologists, 
government officials, and the general 
public can assure the survival of en- 
dangered bat species. 
SPELUNKING, RESEARCH IMPACTS, HARASS~ 
MENT, FORESTS, REVIEW, HUMAN HEALTH AND 
SAFETY, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPE- 
CIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, BATS, IN- 
DIANA BAT 
Corbet, P. S. 1970. Snowmobiles: For 
pleasure, profit, and pollution. Ont. 
Nat. 8(2):10-12. 
Impacts of snowmobiles on urban and 
rural environments, including effects 
on wildlife, are discussed in this 
nontechnical article. Snowmobiles 
compact snow, changing the physical 
and thermal properties and thus poten- 
tially affecting animals that live be- 
neath snow in winter. Deliberate ha- 
rassment of wildlife by snowmobilers 
is uncommon but may be significant. 
Effective legislation and enforcement 
are needed to control the impacts of 
snowmobiles on the environment. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, HARASSMENT, TOURISM, 
FORESTS, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE 
(GENERAL ) 
Cornett, D. C., W. M. 
Hafenfeld, 17. P. Hemker, and W. A. 
Williams. 1979. Evaluation of the 
potential impact of proposed recrea- 
tion development on the Mineral King 
deer herd. Pages 474-480 in The Miti- 
gation Symposium, 16-20 July 1979, 
Fort Collins, Colo. U.S. For. Serv. 
Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-65. 
Longhurst, R. E. 
