93. 
94. 
A study of the Mineral King deer herd 
in California assessed recreation im- 
pacts and formulated mitigation plans 
for proposed recreational develop- 
ments. Existing impacts studied in- 
cluded effects of summer recreation 
activities such as hiking, camping, 
and horseback riding. 
CAMPING, HIKING, HORSEBACK RIDING, TOUR- 
ISM, FORESTS, FLIGHT DISTANCE, RECREA- 
TION MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, 
MULE DEER 
Cowan, I. M. 1972. 
servation of bears 
The status and con- 
(Ursidae) of the 
world--1970. Pages 343-367 in S. Her- 
rero, ed. Bears--their biology and 
management. Second International Con- 
ference on Bear Research and Manage- 
ment, 6-9 November 1970, Calgary, Al- 
berta. IUCN Publ. New Ser. 23, Mor- 
ges, Switzerland. 
The status of the genera and species 
of bears in the world is reviewed. 
Present evidence suggests that bears 
suffered little decline at the hand of 
man until the invention and prolifera- 
tion of firearms. Human encroachment 
upon remaining bear populations is a 
worsening problem. Bear management 
practices are reviewed. 
CAMPING, HIKING, HARASSMENT, WILDLIFE 
VIEWING, FORESTS, TUNDRA, COASTAL ZONES, 
HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, THREATENED AND 
ENDANGERED SPECIES, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, 
REVIEW, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, CANADIAN 
NATIONAL PARKS, BEARS 
Cowan, I. M. 1974. Management implica- 
tions of behavior in the large herbiv- 
orous mammals. Pages 921-934 in V. 
Geist and F. Walther, eds. The behav- 
jor of ungulates and its relation to 
management. Vol. 2. IUCN Publ. New 
Ser. 24, Morges, Switzerland. 
Several topics concerning ungulate be- 
havior and management are reviewed, 
including behavioral constraints on 
nonconsumptive — use. Protection of 
breeding grounds, reducing disturbance 
to newborn young, and minimizing ha- 
rassment from tourists and vehicles 
are suggested. 
HARASSMENT, TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, 
RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGE- 
MENT, PREDATION, REVIEW, UNGULATES 
20 
a. 
96. 
oT. 
Craighead, F. C., Jr. 1976. Grizzly 
bear ranges and movement as determined 
by radiotracking. Pages 97-109 in M. 
R. Pelton, J. W. Lentfer, and G. E. 
Folk, eds. Bears--their biology and 
management. Third International Con- 
ference on Bear Research and Manage- 
ment, June 1974, Binghamton, N.Y. and 
Moscow, USSR. IUCN Publ. New Ser. 40, 
Morges, Switzerland. 
Grizzly bear ranges and movements in 
the Yellowstone region’ have been 
greatly influenced by garbage dumps 
utilized as feeding areas; as a re~ 
sult, abrupt closure of the dumps di- 
verted bears into campgrounds and al- 
tered seasonal movements. Problem 
grizzlies removed to other areas usu 
ally quickly returned and were elimi- 
nated. Movement patterns must be un- 
derstood in order to make wise manage- 
ment decisions. 
CAMPING, TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FOR- 
ESTS, HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, WILDLIFE 
MANAGEMENT, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED 
SPECIES, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, U.S. NA- 
TIONAL FORESTS, GRIZZLY BEAR 
Craighead, F. C., Jr., and J. J. Craig- 
head. 1972. Data on grizzly bear 
denning activities and behavior ob- 
tained by using wildlife telemetry. 
Pages 84-106 in S. Herrero, ed. Bears 
—-their biology and management. Sec- 
ond International Conference on Bear 
Research and Management, 6-9 November 
1970, Calgary, Alberta. IUCN Publ. 
New Ser. 23, Morges, Switzerland. 
Denning behavior of telemetered griz-~ 
zly bears was studied in Yellowstone 
National Park. Observations suggested 
that grizzlies do not actively defend 
dens from other bears or humans if al- 
ternate courses of action are avail- 
able. Most grizzlies apparently pre- 
fer to avoid humans; the most danger- 
ous bears are those that have been 
wounded, sows with cubs, and those 
that have learned to associate food 
with humans. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, FLIGHT 
DISTANCE, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPE- 
CIES, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL 
PARKS 
1980. 
critical 
Craighead, J. J. 
lineation of 
A proposed de- 
grizzly bear 

