139; 
140. 
141. 
Evenden, F. G. 1975. Direct interac- 
tions between humans and birds. Pages 
11-14 in Proceedings of the Symposium 
on Management of Forest and Range Hab- 
‘tats for Nongame Birds, 6-9 May 1975, 
Tucson, Ariz. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. 
Tech. Rep. WO-1. 
Relationships between humans and birds 
through history and jn modern times 
are discussed. Birds provide pleasure 
for modern man through sport hunting, 
viewing of captive birds, and seeking 
and watching wild birds. Bird watch- 
ing is a healthful activity that has 
developed a demand for skills not pre- 
viously deemed important. Damage 
caused by birds and human detriments 
to birds are also discussed. 
TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, URBAN ZONES, 
REVIEW, BIRDS 
Faro, J. B., and S. H. Eide. 1974. 
Management of McNei] River State Game 
Sanctuary for honconsumptive use of 
Alaskan brown bears. Proc. Annu. 
Conf. West. Assoc. State Game Fish 
Comm. 54:113-118. 
Increased nonconsumptive use of a game 
sanctuary had a measurable adverse 
jmpact on the number of brown bears 
present for viewing. After a Jimited 
permit system was implemented to re- 
strict use, undesirable effects of 
public overuse seemed to be minimized. 
CAMPING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, RIVERS, HUMAN 
HEALTH AND SAFETY, RECREATION MANAGE- 
MENT, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, 
U.S. STATE PARKS AND LANDS, GRIZZLY BEAR 
Fetterolf, P. M. 1978. The human arti- 
factor: Gull behavior in response to 
the scientist. Page 48 in Proceed- 
ings, 1978 Conference of Colonial Wa- 
terbird Group, 20-23 October 1978, New 
York, N.Y. (Abstract only). 
Experiments at a herring gull colony 
(location not given) quantified the 
behavioral responses of adult and 
chick gulls to a researcher. Human 
disturbance had profound effects on 
gull behavior and was the major cause 
of egg and chick loss. Biases associ- 
ated with disturbance-related mortal- 
ity suggest that studies of guil 
breeding success may be seriously con- 
founded by human disturbance effects. 
28 
142. 
143. 
144. 
145. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
HERRING GULL 
Fetterolf, P. M. 1981. Reproductive 
success of minimally disturbed ring- 
billed gulls. Colon. Waterbirds 4:68. 
(Abstract only). 
Reproductive success of ring-billed 
gulls was monitored during three 
breeding seasons (location not given). 
Investigator disturbance during incu- 
bation ranged from one 15-minute visit 
in 1980 to nest checks every second 
day in 1977 and 1978. Minimally dis~ 
turbed reproductive success Was at 
least 60% higher than the average from 
previous studies when disturbance was 
more severe. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RING-BILLED GULL 
Fialka, J. 1975. Running wild. Natl. 
Wildl. 13(2):36-41. 
Impacts of off-road vehicle use on 
wildlife and habitat are described in 
this popular article, with special 
reference to the Back Bay National 
Wildlife Refuge, Virginia. Efforts of 
conservationists toward restriction of 
off-road vehicle use are discussed. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, COASTAL ZONES, RECRE- 
ATION MANAGEMENT, THREATENED AND ENDAN- 
GERED SPECIES, U.S. NATIONAL WILDLIFE 
REFUGES, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Fisk, E. J. 1975. Least tern: Belea- 
guered, opportunistic and roof-nest~ 
ing. Am. Birds 29: 15-16. 
The status of least tern colonies in 
the United States and problems con~ 
fronting the species are discussed. 
Human disturbance through beach recre- 
ation and urban development appear 
largely responsible for population de- 
clines. Least terns commonly nest on 
roofs in urban areas. 

OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, SWIMMING, 
COASTAL ZONES, URBAN ZONES, 
MANAGEMENT, LEAST TERN 
HIKING, 
WILDLIFE 
Fleming, W. B. 19/1. Statewide water- 
fowl management research: Parker Can- 
yon Lake waterfowl. Ariz. Game Fish 
Dept. Project W-070-R-19/WP08/JO1/F IN. 
9 pp. (MIN 027380004). 
