163. 
164. 
165. 
of bighorn sheep following removal of 
old rams from populations. Harassment 
of sheep and other animals by a combi- 
nation of hunting and hiking/wildlife 
viewing may be fatal, to sheep. 
HIKING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, 
BIGHORN SHEEP 
HARASSMENT , 
Geist, V. 
harmful]? 
1971. Is big game harassment 
Oilweek 22(17):12-13. 
Harassment of North American big game 
is considered in terms of animal ener- 
gy budgets and physical damage. Ener- 
gy "costs" of harassment are calculat- 
ed as energy expended above and beyond 
normal daily expenditures. Chronic 
harassment may result in reduced re- 
productive rates and increased mortal- 
ity. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), HARASSMENT, UNGU- 
LATES 
Geist, V. 1975. On the management of 
mountain sheep: Theoretical consider- 
ations. Pages 77-105 in J. B. Tre- 
fethen, ed. The wild sheep in modern 
North America. Boone and Crockett 
Club and the Winchester Press, New 
York, N.Y. 
Management of bighorn sheep in rela- 
tion to their biology is considered. 
The author suggests that energy expen- 
ditures by sheep due to human activi- 
ties should be a major concern of game 
managers, and that management for con- 
sumptive and nonconsumptive uses of 
sheep are largely incompatible. Some 
approaches to management for noncon- 
sumptive uses are described. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), HARASSMENT, WILD- 
LIFE VIEWING, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, BIGHORN SHEEP 
Geist, V. 1978. Behavior. Pages 283- 
296 in J. L. Schmidt and D. L. Gil- 
bert, eds. Big game of North America: 
Ecology and management. Wildlife Man- 
agement Institute and Stackpole Books, 
Harrisburg, Pa. 
The relation of animal behavior to 
management practices is discussed, 
with harassment of big game extensive- 
ly as an example. Harassment not only 
induces extra energy expenditures in 
animals, but also teaches inefficient 
32 
166. 
167. 
168. 
foraging patterns. Hiking and game 
viewing are discussed in relation to 
benefits and detriments to game ani- 
mals. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), HIKING, OFF-ROAD 
VEHICLES, WILDLIFE VIEWING, HARASSMENT, 
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE (GENERAL), 
UNGULATES 
Gerrard, J. M. 1973. 
in Canada's northern forests. 
Can. (Ottawa) 2(3):10-13. 
The bald eagles 
Nat. 
Bald eagle populations and reasons for 
their decline are discussed in this 
nontechnical article. While shooting 
and poisoning continue to take their 
toll, human disturbance and pesticides 
appear to be increasingly important 
factors to bald eagle survival in 
northern Canada. Nearly all eagle 
nests in Saskatchewan are within 200 
yards of water, and development of 
lakeshores for cottages and recreation 
can be expected to usurp a large pro~ 
portion of potential nesting habitat 
if left uncontrolled. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), TOURISM, LAKES, 
FORESTS, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPE- 
CIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, BALD EAGLE 
Gilbert, B. 1976. The great grizzly 
controversy. Audubon 78(1):62-92. 
This popular article describes the 
history of human-grizzly bear interac- 
tions in the western United States, 
and the controversy surrounding 
grizzly management in Yellowstone 
National Park. Solution of management 
problems will require objective 
resolution of goals concerning areas 
suited or unsuited to grizzly bear 
habitation. Management of certain 
remote areas as inviolable’ griz-~ 
zly sanctuaries is recommended. 
CAMPING, HIKING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, TOUR- 
ISM, FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, 
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, THREATENED AND EN- 
DANGERED SPECIES, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, 
GRIZZLY BEAR 
Giles, J. W. 1963. Bear facts. Am. 
For. 69(7):26. 
An incident in Yellowstone National 
Park is described in which a _ park 
visitor sleeping in a car was bitten 
on the arm by a black bear. In a sub- 
