169. 
170. 
171, 
sequent court case, it was ruled that 
the U.S. Government had used ordinary 
and reasonable care in providing for 
the safety of park visitors, and owed 
the visitor no compensation for the 
injury. The author suggests that park 
visitors should keep windows closed 
and doors locked while in bear coun- 
try. 
TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FORESTS, HU- 
MAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, RECREATION MAN- 
AGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, BLACK BEAR 
Gill, J. D., R. M. DeGraaf, and J. wW. 
Thomas. 1974. Forest habitat manage- 
ment for non-game birds in central Ap- 
palachia. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note 
NE-192. 6 pp. 
Management objectives and procedures 
to facilitate public enjoyment of non- 
game birds are discussed. Managing 
for people with slight to moderate 
knowledge of birds and to induce a 
high diversity of species to inhabit 
areas near trails and other human ac- 
tivity areas is recommended. Managed 
trails must also provide for the pro- 
tection of bird habitats from trail 
users. 
HIKING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FORESTS, REC- 
REATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT , 
U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, BIRDS 
Gillett, W. H., J. L. Hayward, Jr., and 
J. F. Stout. 1975. Effects of human 
activity on egg and chick mortality in 
a glaucous-winged gull colony. Condor 
77:492-495, 
During studies of glaucous-winged 
gulls on Colville Island, Washington, 
the investigators' presence increased 
chick mortality jn areas where they 
worked, but had no effect on egg mor- 
tality. The increase in chick losses 
resulted largely from chicks moving 
into adjacent territories and being 
attacked by neighboring adults when 
investigators entered the chicks! home 
territory. 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, COASTAL ZONES, PREDA- 
TION, GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL 
Glinski, R. L. 
quette: The 
Philosophy. 
1976. Birdwatching eti- 
need for a developing 
Am. Birds 30:655-657. 
33 
172. 
173. 
174. 
Examples of disturbance to nhongame 
birds by bird watchers are used to in- 
dicate a need to manage bird watching. 
Disturbance may cause lowered survival 
and reproduction of birds due to in- 
creased energy expenditures, behavior 
alteration, abandonment of nests, or 
loss of eggs and young to chilling, 
overheating, or predation. A behav- 
ioral code for bird watchers jis pro- 
posed to regulate personal activities. 
HIKING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, HARASSMENT, 
RECREATION MANAGEMENT, PREDATION, BIRDS 
Gochfeld, M. 1976. 
of Long Island, 
Beach ternery. 
Waterbird colonies 
New York: 3. Cedar 
Kingbird 26:63-80. 
Direct human disturbance of a tern 
nesting colony in New York jis a seri- 
ous threat to tern survival. Bathers 
and picnickers sometimes prevent terns 
from incubating or feeding young, 
while vandals occasionally destroy 
eggs or shoot adults. Disturbance by 
bird watchers and banders can be seri- 
ous, unless appropriate precautions 
are taken to reduce interference with 
birds' activities. 
HIKING, OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, SWIMMING, 
WILDLIFE VIEWING, RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
COASTAL ZONES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
COMMON TERN, ROSEATE TERN, LEAST TERN, 
BLACK SKIMMER 
Gochfeld, M. 1978. Terns in traffic. 
Nat. Hist. 87(6):54-61. 
Effects of various human disturbances 
on nesting common terns in New York 
are described. Tern populations on 
Long Island have been stable, but in- 
creasing recreational disturbances may 
soon cause declines. Terns jin dis- 
rupted habitats are sometimes forced 
to nest in marginal habitats where 
tern productivity is lower. 
BOATING, HIKING, HARASSMENT, SWIMMING, 
PICNICKING, TOURISM, COASTAL ZONES, UR- 
BAN ZONES, WETLANDS, PREDATION, RECREA- 
TION MANAGEMENT, U.S. STATE PARKS AND 
LANDS, COMMON TERN, SEABIRDS 
Gochfeld, M. 1981. Differences in be- 
havioral responses of young common 
terns and black skimmers to intrusion 
and handling. Colon. Waterbirds 4:47- 
5%: 
