175. 
176. 
Behavioral responses to disturbance of 
young common terns and black skimmers 
were compared during studies at two 
colonies on Long Island, New York. 
Four factors found to influence behav- 
joral responses of young to distur- 
bance were species, age of chicks, 
weather, and extent or intensity of 
handling of chicks. Consequences of 
disturbance and methodological consid- 
erations for colonial bird studies are 
discussed. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
COASTAL ZONES, HARASSMENT, PICNICKING, 
WILDLIFE VIEWING, PREDATION, COMMON 
TERN, BLACK SKIMMER, BIRDS 
Godfrey, P. J., J. M. B. 
DiMaio, J. M. 
Brodhead, J. 
Gilligan, D. Reynolds, 
B. G. Blodget, and N. R. Wheeler. 
1975. The ecological effects of off- 
road vehicles in Cape Cod National 
Seashore, Massachusetts (Phase II). 
Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, Natl. 
Park Serv. Coop. Res. Unit Rep. 18. 
133-pp. 
Experimental results and observations 
are presented from several studies of 
off-road vehicle impacts, including 
effects on least terns and other 
shorebirds. Nesting terns tolerated a 
passing vehicle much more readily than 
pedestrians. People on foot pose a 
greater threat to nesting terns than 
people in vehicles. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, HIKING, TOURISM, HA- 
RASSMENT, COASTAL ZONES, RECREATION MAN- 
AGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, LEAST 
TERN, WATERBIRDS 
Godfrey, P. J., J. Brodhead, H. Walker, 
J. Gilligan, and A. Davis. 1975. 
Ecological effects of off-road vehi- 
cles in Cape Cod National Seashore, 
Massachusetts. (A preliminary re- 
port). Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, 
Natl. Park Serv. Coop. Res. Unit Rep. 
6. 121 pp. 
Impacts of off-road vehicle use on 
coastal ecosystems in Massachusetts 
were studied by conducting controlled 
experiments. Preliminary results in- 
dicate that the most serious effects 
of vehicle traffic appear to be on the 
ecology of drift lines and nesting 
birds, particularly terns. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, TOURISM, HARASSMENT, 
177. 
178. 
179. 
180. 
COASTAL ZONES, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, 
LEAST TERN, WATERBIRDS 
Goering, D. K., and R. Cherry. 19/1. 
Nestling mortality in a Texas heronry. 
Wilson Bull. 83:303-305. 
The effect of frequent nest checking 
on reproductive success were studied 
at a heronry in Texas. Nests that 
were more frequently visited were at 
least as successful in producing off- 
spring as those infrequently observed, 
suggesting that at least during the 
later stages of incubation human visi- 
tation is not necessarily detrimental 
to herons and other wading birds. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
LAKES, WETLANDS, CATTLE EGRET, LOUISIANA 
HERON, SNOWY EGRET, BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT 
HERON, LITTLE BLUE HERON 
Goldsmith, F. B. 1974. Ecological ef- 
fects of visitors in the countryside. 
Pages 217-231 in A. Warren and F. B. 
Goldsmith, eds. Conservation in prac- 
tice. Wiley and Sons, London, Eng- 
land. 
Ecological effects of recreation are 
reviewed, including impacts on wild- 
life. Sections discuss carrying ca- 
pacity, characteristics of ecosystems, 
succession, visitor distribution, ef- 
fects of trampling, direct research on 
ecological effects of recreation, and 
management. 
BOATING, HIKING, HORSEBACK RIDING, PIC- 
NICKING, SKIING, TOURISM, RECREATION 
MANAGEMENT, REVIEW, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Gooders, J. 1975. Wildlife and tour- 
ism. Birds Int. 1:21-23, 27. 
Wildlife tourism is described as a 
modern and expanding business. Direct 
and indirect benefits of tourism to 
wildlife conservation are contrasted 
with impacts including disturbance to 
wildlife. The author suggests that 
tourism will continue to expand, and 
that steps should be taken to minimize 
disturbances to wildlife. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), TOURISM, RECREA- 
TION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Goodson, N. J. 1978. Status of bighorn 
sheep in Rocky Mountain National Park. 
