186. 
187. 
188. 
Graham, H. 1980. The impact of modern 
man. Pages 288-309 in G. Monson and 
L. Sumner, eds. The desert bighorn: 
Its life history, ecology and manage- 
ment. University of Arizona Press, 
Tucson. 
The history of man's relationship with 
bighorn sheep and current impacts of 
man on sheep are reviewed. Effects of 
hiking, horseback riding, motor vehi- 
cles, motorboats, ski lifts and tram- 
ways, aircraft, noises, and dogs are 
discussed. Human-caused habitat al- 
terations are related to tolerance of 
sheep to intrusions. 
BOATING, CAMPING, HIKING, HORSEBACK RID- 
ING, OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, SKIING, TOURISM, 
WILDLIFE VIEWING, FORESTS, DESERTS, 
RANGELAND, FLIGHT DISTANCE, WILDLIFE 
MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL WILDLIFE REF- 
UGES, U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, U.S. NA- 
TIONAL PARKS, U.S. BLM LANDS, U.S. STATE 
PARKS AND LANDS, REVIEW, BIGHORN SHEEP 
Grater, R. K. 1959. Recreational val- 
ues of bighorn other than hunting. 
Trans. Desert Bighorn Counc. 3:53-5/7. 
Recreational values of bighorn other 
than hunting include the benefits peo- 
ple derive from observing these unique 
and fascinating animals in their natu- 
ral environment. Wildlife viewers and 
photographers enjoy aesthetic plea- 
sures derived from encounters with 
bighorn. People seeking to view wild- 
life are drawn into new environments 
where new and unexpected values are 
encountered. 
HIKING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, DESERTS, 
RANGELAND, FLIGHT DISTANCE, U.S. NATION- 
AL PARKS, U.S. NATIONAL WILDLIFE REF- 
UGES, BIGHORN SHEEP 
Graul, W. D. 1981. Population surveys 
of selected bird and mammal species in 
Colorado. Pages 84-129 in Colorado 
Division of Wildlife, Wildlife Re- 
search Report, January 1981, Part 1. 
Colo. Div. Wildl. Project FW-22-R/ 
WPO1/J03. 
Nongame bird and mammal studies in 
Colorado included investigations of 
the effects of human disturbance on 
great blue herons. Disturbance at 
heronries was quantified as to the 
type of intrusion, location of intru- 
sion relative to nests, and reactions 
36 
189, 
190. 
of herons to the intrusion. The birds 
remained sensitive to disturbance 
throughout the breeding season, but 
none permanently abandoned the colony 
following disturbance. Birds were 
usually most active at times when hu- 
man use of the areas was lowest. 
HIKING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, BOATING, 
HORSEBACK RIDING, TOURISM, OFF-ROAD VE- 
HICLES, LAKES, URBAN ZONES, FLIGHT DIS- 
TANCE, U.S. STATE PARKS AND LANDS, GREAT 
BLUE HERON 
1977. Kinds and costs of 
pollution in the Sandia 
New Mexico State Univ., 
Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 
Gray, J. R. 
recreational 
Mountains. 
Las Cruces, 
651. 5/ pp. 
Environmental costs of recreation in 
the Sandia Mountains, New Mexico, were 
quantified by surveying recreation- 
ists, identifying associated pollu- 
tants and environmental impacts, and 
calculating costs of their control. 
Wildlife harassment, primarily by hik- 
ers, was among impacts that tended to 
restrict activities most in a cost 
analysis model. Nature study and 
hunter groups were determined as hav- 
ing the highest costs per hour. 
HARASSMENT, OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, CAMPING, 
HIKING, PICNICKING, TOURISM, WILDLIFE 
VIEWING, FORESTS, RECREATION MANAGEMENT , 
U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, WILDLIFE (GENER- 
AL) 
Indiana bat: A 
Natl. Parks 
Greenhall, A. M. 1973. 
cave-dweller in trouble. 
Conserv. Mag. 47(8):14-17. 
The status of the endangered Indiana 
bat is reviewed and potential factors 
involved in recent population declines 
discussed in this nontechnical arti- 
cle. Disturbances of hibernating col- 
onies by recreational spelunkers and 
jnexperienced researchers have caused 
mortality of bats in several in- 
stances. Commercial development of 
caves for tourism has caused loss of 
habitat and roosting sites. A sound 
bat conservation program depends part- 
ly on an informed public. 
HARASSMENT, RESEARCH IMPACTS, SPELUNK- 
ING, TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, THREAT- 
ENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION 
MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, U.S. 
NATIONAL PARKS, INDIANA BAT 
