209. 
210. 
211. 
TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, 
ZONES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
MANAGEMENT, SEABIRDS 
COASTAL 
WILDLIFE 
Hartman, G. W. 1972. Biology of dump 
nesting in wood ducks. M.A. Thesis. 
University of Missouri, Columbia. 72 
Pp. 
Disturbance of wood ducks by trapping 
and handling, boats, and fishermen is 
documented. The flight distance of 
birds seemed to vary with stage in the 
nesting cycle and level of noise asso- 
ciated with the disturbance. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), BOATING, FISHING, 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, WOOD DUCK 
Harvey, M. J. 1975. Endangered Chirop- 
tera of the southeastern United 
States. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. 
Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 29:429-433. 
Causes of population declines in four 
species of endangered bats include 
loss of habitat, direct killing, and 
disturbance of hibernating and matern- 
ity colonies by spelunkers. Repeated 
disturbances of hibernating bats with 
resultant loss of energy reserves may 
be a major factor in bat mortality. 
Visitation to caves containing hiber- 
nating bats should be discouraged. 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, SPELUNKING, THREATENED 
AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION MAN- 
AGEMENT, INDIANA BAT, GRAY BAT, VIRGINIA 
BIG-EARED BAT, OZARK BIG-EARED BAT 
Harvey, M. J. 1980. Status of the en- 
dangered bats Myotis sodalis, M. gri- 
sescens, and Plecotus townsendii in- 
gens in the southern Ozarks. Pages 
2e1-223 ifr D. E. 
Gardner, eds. Proceedings, Fifth In- 
ternational Bat Research Conference, 
6-13 August 1978, Albuquerque, N.M. 
Texas Tech Press, Lubbock. 
Wilson and A. L. 
Current status of three endangered 
bats in the southern Ozarks and man- 
agement practices to protect critical 
habitats are described. Because all 
three endangered bats are suffering 
from human disturbance of colonies in 
caves, preventing disturbance by regu- 
lating cave visits is recommended. 
SPELUNKING, FORESTS, THREATENED AND EN- 
DANGERED SPECIES, U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, 
40 
212. 
213. 
214. 
215. 
U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, INDIANA BAT, GRAY 
BAT, OZARK BIG-EARED BAT 
Harvey, M. J., M. L. Kennedy, and V. R. 
McDaniel. 1978. Status of the endan- 
gered Ozark big-eared bat (Plecotus 
townsendii ingens) in Arkansas. Proc. 
Ark. Acad. Sci. 32:89-90. 
The Ozark big-eared bat is one of 
three bat taxa endemic to Arkansas now 
considered in danger of extinction 
throughout a significant portion of 
their range. The authors state "the 
species is very intolerant of human 
disturbance and will sometimes vacate 
a cave if disturbed." 
SPELUNKING, OZARK BIG-EARED BAT 
Hayden, A. H. 1972. 
Seasonal turkey 
Pa. Game Comm. 
WPO2/J04. 4 pp. 
Wild turkey study: 
range requirements. 
Project W-046-R-19/ 
(MIN 377380744). 
During studies of turkey population 
movements and distribution in Pennsy|l- 
vania, disturbance of turkeys by snow- 
mobilers was noted. Observations and 
track counts indicated that turkeys 
avoided areas of high snowmobile use 
and shifted to heavy cover types of 
dense spruce and pine. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, FORESTS, TURKEY 
Heinzman, G. 1961. The American bald 
eagle: Despite protection, this wary 
bird cannot co-exist with man. Nat. 
Hist. 70(6):18-21. 
The author summarizes recent research 
findings and observations of bald ea- 
gles in Florida. Studies of nest 
sites revealed a circle around nests 
with a radius of 150 to 300 yards 
within which human presence caused ea- 
gles to flee. Reasons for eagle popu- 
lation declines in Florida are cited. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), WILDLIFE VIEWING, 
FORESTS, WETLANDS, THREATENED AND ENDAN- 
GERED SPECIES, BALD EAGLE 
Hendee, J. C., and D. R. Potter. 1971. 
Human behavior and wildlife manage- 
ment: Needed research. Trans. N. Am. 
Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 36:383-396. 
Broad problem areas and specific ques~ 
tions about human behavior aspects of 

