227. 
228. 
229, 
vertent and deliberate harassment of 
animals by aircraft may have important 
effects on big game and nesting rap- 
tors 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), HARASSMENT, FOR- 
ESTS, TUNDRA, HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, 
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, WILD- 
LIFE (GENERAL), BEARS, RAPTORS, GRAY 
WOLF 
Holroyd, J. C. 1967. Observations of 
Rocky Mountain goats on Mount Wardle, 
Kootenay National Park, British Colum- 
bia. Can. Field-Nat. 81: 1-22. 
Behavior of mountain goats in British 
Columbia is described, including reac- 
tions to man. Goat responses to human 
presence varied according to season, 
herd size, and other circumstances. 
Goats were rarely aggressive toward 
the author, although two incidents are 
described in which a goat appeared to 
threaten him. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), FORESTS, RANGE- 
LAND, FLIGHT DISTANCE, HUMAN HEALTH AND 
SAFETY, CANADIAN NATIONAL PARKS, MOUN- 
TAIN GOAT 
R. G. 1977. 
ravens in 
89: 233-242. 
Hooper, 
common 
Bull. 
Nesting habitat of 
Virginia. Wilson 
In a study of raven nesting habitats 
in Virginia, relationships of nesting 
ravens to human activity were exam- 
ined. Behavior of ravens in response 
to human pressure was variable depend- 
ing on the situation. Human activity 
should be restricted near active 
nests, despite the observed tenacity 
of some nesting pairs. Most birds 
would not be affected by recreational 
activity farther than 200 meters from 
nests. 
CLIMBING, HIKING, HARASSMENT, RESEARCH 
IMPACTS, TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FOR- 
ES Foo RECREATION MANAGEMENT , COMMON RA- 
VEN 
Hooper, R. G., H. 5. Crawford, and R. F. 
Harlow. 1973. Bird density and di- 
versity as related to vegetation in 
forest recreational areas. J. For. 
71: 766-769. 
Breeding bird populations as related 
to understory density were studied in 
43 
230. 
Cod. 
Dae. 
National Forest recreation areas in 
the southern Appalachians. Clumping 
of understory shrubs was determined to 
be important to birds in open, park- 
like recreational areas. Recommenda- 
tions for managing forest recreational 
areas for diverse bird populations are 
discussed. 
CAMPING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FORESTS, REC- 
REATION MANAGEMENT , WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT , 
U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, BIRDS 
Hoover, .B. 1973. Off-road vehicle 
problems on federal lands. Proc. An- 
nu. Meet. Assoc. Midwest Fish Wild). 
Comm. 40:37-49. 
Problems associated with recreational 
use Of off-road vehicles are discus- 
sed. Damage to natural resources in- 
cludes habitat destruction and direct 
impacts on wildlife. Instances of in- 
advertent and deliberate harassment of 
game animals are provided. Regulatory 
legislation and management procedures 
are discussed in detail. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, HARASSMENT, FORESTS, 
RANGELAND, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, U.S. 
BLM LANDS, U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, WILD- 
LIFE (GENERAL) 
Horejsi, B. 1976. Some thoughts and 
observations on harassment and bighorn 
sheep. Pages 149-155 in Proceedings 
of the Biennial Symposium of the 
Northern Wild Sheep Council, 10-12 
February 1976, Jackson, Wyo. 
Harassment and its possible effects on 
bighorn sheep are discussed. Active 
harassment results in visible respons- 
es by sheep, while passive harassment 
produces no visible response but may 
have psychological and physiological 
effects on sheep. Harassment has sig- 
nificant impacts on individuals and 
populations, leading to a variety of 
conditions which reduce fitness. Min- 
imizing harassment of sheep should be 
given top priority among management 
objectives. 
HARASSMENT, HIKING, TOURISM, WILDLIFE 
VIEWING, RESEARCH IMPACTS, FLIGHT DIS- 
TANCE, PREDATION, RECREATION MANAGEMENT , 
BIGHORN SHEEP 
Houston, C. S, 
colonial birds. 
1962. Hazards faced by 
Blue Jay 20:74-77. 
