233. 
234. 
235. 
Several nesting colonies of birds in 
Saskatchewan and reasons for declines 
or destruction of bird populations are 
described. Human disturbances includ- 
ing boating, taking of eggs, and rec- 
reation associated with resorts were 
responsible for population declines in 
several instances. Disturbance may 
lead to mortality of young through ac~ 
cidental breaking of eggs by fleeing 
adults, or exposure of eggs and young 
to heat, cold, or predation. 
BOATING, TOURISM, HARASSMENT, LAKES, 
WETLANDS, PREDATION, WHITE PELICAN, DOU- 
BLE-CRESTED CORMORANT, CALIFORNIA GULL 
Houston, D. B. 
tional Parks. 
1971. Ecosystems of Na- 
Science 172:648-651. 
Management of U.S. National Parks is 
aimed at preserving park ecosystems in 
as pristine a condition as possible, 
and primarily involves preventing or 
compensating for human’ influences. 
So-called nonconsumptive uses such as 
sightseeing may in fact alter energy 
and geochemical pathways, disturbing 
park vegetation and wildlife. Manag- 
ers must realize that these areas have 
a finite capacity for absorbing human 
disturbances. 
CAMPING, 
U.S. 
TOURISM, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, 
NATIONAL PARKS, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Hubbard, W. P., and S. Harris. 1960. 
Notorious grizzly bears. Sage Books, 
Denver, Colo. 205 pp. 
A popular account of grizzly bear bi- 
ology, behavior, and encounters with 
man is provided. Numerous accounts of 
bear attacks on humans and descrip- 
tions of individual bears noted for 
their depredations on livestock or hu- 
mans are given. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), HIKING, FORESTS, 
RANGELAND, HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, 
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, GRIZ- 
ZLY BEAR 
Huff, D. E., and P. J. Savage. 1972. A 
correlation of deer movements with 
snowmobile activity in Minnesota dur- 
ing winter. Proc. Midwest Fish Wild]. 
Conf. 34:42-49. 
Studies of telemetered white-tailed 
deer in Minnesota compared deer activ- 
44 
236. 
237. 
238. 
jties between areas of high and no 
snowmobile use. The size of deer home 
ranges was much reduced at the high 
use area, and snowmobile use appeared 
to force deer into less preferred hab- 
ijtats where nighttime radiant heat 
loss was greater. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, FORESTS, RECREATION 
MANAGEMENT, U.S. STATE PARKS AND LANDS, 
WHITE-TAILED DEER 
Hume, R. A. 1976. Reactions of golden- 
eyes to boating. Br. Birds 69:1/8- 
1¥9:; 
Powerboating, water skiing, and sail- 
ing are implicated as sources of dis- 
turbance of goldeneyes on a reservoir 
in Great Britain. Observations of 
goldeneyes taking flight in reaction 
to powerboats and people on shore are 
reported. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), BOATING, 
FLIGHT DISTANCE, COMMON GOLDENEYE 
LAKES, 
Humphrey, S. 1969. Disturbances and 
bats. Okla. Underground 2(2):42-44. 
The habits of cave-dwelling bats in 
western Oklahoma are described, with 
emphasis on their vulnerability to 
disturbance. The most common species 
in the area are very sensitive to hu- 
man intrusion, especially in summer. 
Researchers and cave visitors have 
caused declines in some Oklahoma bat 
populations, although factors involved 
in the declines are not well under- 
stood. Recommendations are suggested 
to preserve bat populations while al- 
lowing human use of caves. 
SPELUNKING, RESEARCH IMPACTS, WILDLIFE 
VIEWING, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, TOWN- 
SEND'S BIG-EARED BAT, CAVE BAT, BRAZIL- 
TAN FREE-TAILED BAT 
Humphrey, S. R. 1978. Status, winter 
habitat, and management of the endan- 
gered Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis. 
Fla. Sci. 41:65-76. 
The known number of living Indiana 
bats has declined 28% in the last 15 
years due to natural catastrophes, de- 
struction of habitat, and disturbance 
by biologists and spelunkers. Human 
visits to a hibernating colony cause 
arousal and flight, with resulting 
