239. 
240. 
241, 
loss of fat reserves necessary to sus- 
tain the bats through winter hiberna- 
tion and spring migrations. Manage- 
ment recommendations to preserve and 
restore populations are provided. 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, SPELUNKING, THREATENED 
AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION MAN- 
AGEMENT, INDIANA BAT 
Humphrey, S. R., and T. H. Kunz. 1976. 
Ecology of a Pleistocene relict, the 
western big-eared bat (Plecotus town- 
sendii), in the southern Great Plains. 
J. Mammal. 57:470-494, 

Life histories, ecological relation- 
ships, and limiting factors of the 
western (Townsend's) big-eared bat 
were studied in Oklahoma and Kansas. 
These bats are extremely sensitive to 
disturbance, and this fact together 
with the small population sizes and 
severe ecological limitations of the 
big-eared bat, indicate that visita- 
tion of nursery colonies by humans is 
a serious threat to the species' sur- 
vival in the Great Plains. 
SPELUNKING, RESEARCH IMPACTS, FORESTS, 
RANGELAND, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED 
SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, TOWN- 
SEND'S BIG-EARED BAT 
Hunt, G. L., Jr. 1972. Influence of 
food distribution and human distur- 
bance on the reproductive success of 
herring gulls. Ecology 53:1051-1061. 
In a study of herring gull reproduc- 
tion in Maine, gull productivity was 
found to be controlled by different 
factors operating on eggs and chicks. 
Egg hatching success was inversely re- 
lated to amount of disturbance by pic- 
nickers, who caused adults to abandon 
nests and expose eggs to excessive so- 
lar radiation. Chick mortality was 
related to factors other than human 
disturbance. 
PICNICKING, COASTAL ZONES, HERRING GULL 
Hunt, G. L., Jr. 1979. Management of 
seabird resources in the Channel Is- 
lands National Monument. Page 400 in 
Abstracts. 2nd Conference on Scienti- 
fic Research in the National Parks. 
(Abstract only). 
Management of seabird nesting colonies 
45 
in Channel Islands National Monument, 
California, is described. Human dis- 
turbance to nesting birds is minimized 
by controlling access to colonies. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), COASTAL ZONES, 
U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, SEABIRDS 
Iowa State Conservation Commission. 
1970. Food and feeding habits of div- 
ing ducks: Ecology and harvest of 
diving ducks of the Keokuk Pool. Iowa 
State Conserv. Comm. Project W-108-R- 
O3/FIN. 12 pp. (MIN 147380272). 
Human disturbance resulting from barge 
traffic, outboard motorboats, hunters, 
and fishermen seemed to be the most 
important factors causing duck move- 
ments on the Keokuk Pool, Iowa. 
BOATING, FISHING, RIVERS, WETLANDS, WA- 
TERFOWL 
Isakovic, I. 1974. Effects of land use 
and outdoor recreation on game popula- 
tions. Pages 351-356 in I. Kjerner 
and P. Bjurholm, eds. Proceedings, 
XIth International Congress of Game 
Biologists, 3-7 September 1973, Stock- 
holm, Sweden. National Swedish Envi- 
ronmental Protection Board, Stockholm. 
An overview of man's effect on game 
populations through land use and out- 
door recreation is provided. Recrea- 
tionists fleeing from polluted urban 
environments make demands on nature 
that must be harmonized with the ca- 
pacity of the land to absorb them. 
Plans to control impacts of tourism 
must be worked out, especially in 
areas where it is no longer possible 
to reserve large areas of Jand for 
protection. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), TOURISM, RECREA- 
TION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Janssen, R. 1978. Noise and animals: 
Perspectives of government and public 
policy. Pages 287-301 in J. L. Flet- 
cher and R. G. Busnel, eds. Effects 
of noise on wildlife. Academic Press, 
New York, N.Y. 
Impacts of human-caused noise on wild- 
life and domesticated animals must be 
determined so that proper decisions 
can be made by policy-makers. An ani- 
mal-response model to quantify the 
