256. 
257. 
258. 
HIKING, CAMPING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, TOUR- 
ISM, FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, 
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, REC- 
REATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, 
U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, U.S. NATIONAL 
PARKS, CANADIAN NATIONAL PARKS, GRIZZLY 
BEAR 
Jorgensen, P. 1974. Vehicle use at a 
desert bighorn watering area. Trans. 
Desert Bighorn Counc. 18:18-24. 
Desert bighorn and human activity were 
observed at a watering area in Cali- 
fornia, where an unpaved road crossed 
a creek used as a water source by big- 
horn. Bighorn activity at the site 
decreased about 50% on days when ve- 
hicle traffic was present; vehicles 
and bighorn tended to utilize the area 
at about the same time of day. The 
evidence suggests that sheep are 
forced to use less preferred bedding 
sites as a result of human distur- 
bance. 
CAMPING, HIKING, OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, PIC- 
NICKING, DESERTS, FLIGHT DISTANCE, U.S. 
STATE PARKS AND LANDS, BIGHORN SHEEP 
Juenemann, B. G. 1973. Habitat evalua- 
tions of selected bald eagle nest 
sites on the Chippewa National Forest. 
M.S. Thesis. University of Minnesota, 
St. Paul. 170 pp. 
Human disturbance levels were among 
factors evaluated in relation to bald 
eagle nest sites in Minnesota. An in- 
direct relationship between years of 
apparent nest activity and disturbance 
was found. Ratios of nest productiv- 
ity to nest activity were also related 
to levels of human disturbance, indi- 
cating a need for management of dis- 
turbances during eagle incubation 
periods. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), FORESTS, THREAT- 
ENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION 
MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, BALD 
EAGLE 
Kahl, J. R. 1972. Osprey management on 
the Lassen National Forest. Pages /7- 
13 in J. Yoakum, ed. Cal-Neva Wild- 
life 1972. Transactions of the Annual 
Meeting for the Western Section of The 
Wildlife Society and the California- 
Nevada Chapter of the American Fish- 
eries Society, 28-29 January 1972, San 
Luis Obispo, Calif. 
aes 
260. 
261. 
The Lassen National Forest contains 
part of the largest known breeding 
population of ospreys in the western 
U.S. Human disturbance by recreation- 
ists caused some losses of eggs and 
young from nests studied, and increas- 
ing numbers of people seek the area of 
the colony for recreation. Management 
actions being implemented include re- 
strictions on human activities near 
nests during the breeding season. 
CAMPING, OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, HIKING, 
LAKES, FORESTS, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, OSPREY 
Kesteloot,  E. 1967. Perturbations 
causes par la presence humaine. (Dis- 
turbance due to the presence of hu- 
mans.) Pages 237-243 in Towards a new 
relationship of man and nature in tem- 
perate lands. Part 1: Ecological im- 
pact of recreation and tourism upon 
temperate environments. IUCN Tenth 
Technical Meeting, 26-30 June 1966, 
Lucerne, Switzerland. [UCN Publ. New 
Ser. 7, Morges, Switzerland. 
Causes and mechanisms of human distur- 
bance of wild animals are discussed. 
The disturbing presence of humans is 
through sight, sound, and scent; reac- 
tions of animals to these stimuli 
vary. The effects on animals of the 
growing number of people interested in 
stalking, observing, photographing, or 
feeding wildlife are discussed. 
HIKING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, 
WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
HARASSMENT , 
Klein, D. R. 1971. Reaction of rein- 
deer to obstructions and disturbances. 
Science 173: 393-398. 
Reactions of reindeer to snowmobiles 
in Scandinavia are discussed in this 
description of human impacts on rein- 
deer. It is suggested that observa- 
tions of Scandinavian reindeer may aid 
in managing impacts of industrializa- 
tion on caribou in North America. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, TUNDRA, CARIBOU 
Problems in conser- 
Biol. 
Klein, D. R. 1972. 
vation of mammals in the north. 
Conserv. 4:97-101. 
011 development, tourism, and expand- 
ing human populations are threatening 
