262. 
263. 
many of the large mammals of the arc- 
tic and subarctic regions. Oil devel- 
opment in particular may affect north- 
ern mammals through obstruction of 
movements, harassment by aircraft and 
other disturbances, and the increased 
human populations associated with in- 
dustrial development. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), HARASSMENT, TOUR- 
ISM, COASTAL ZONES, TUNDRA, WILDLIFE 
MANAGEMENT, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED 
SPECIES, MAMMALS 
Klein, D. R. 1974. The reaction of 
some northern mammals to aircraft dis- 
turbance. Pages 377-383 in I. Kjerner 
and P. Bjurholm, eds. Proceedings, 
XIth International Congress of Game 
Biologists, 3-7 September 1973, Stock- 
holm, Sweden. National Swedish Envi- 
ronmental Protection Board, Stockholm. 
The increasing use of low-flying air- 
craft in remote areas has generated 
concern for the effects of aircraft 
disturbance on wildlife. A study in 
Alaska is in progress to determine the 
effects of aircraft on caribou and 
other species. Definition of aircraft 
conditions leading to disturbance pro- 
vides a basis for the establishment of 
regulations to govern the use of air- 
craft over critical ungulate habitat. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), HARASSMENT, TUN- 
DRA, FLIGHT DISTANCE, CARIBOU, UNGULATES 
Kleinstauber, K. 1969. The status of 
cliff-nesting peregrines in the German 
Democratic Republic. Pages 209-216 in 
J. J. Hickey, ed. Peregrine falcon 
populations: Their biology and de- 
cline. University of Wisconsin Press, 
Madison. 
Cliff-nesting pairs of peregrine fal- 
cons in East Germany declined signifi- 
cantly from 1954 to 1965, possibly due 
in part to food shortages following 
World War II. The decline was charac- 
terized by superannuation of pere- 
grines, to which human-caused stresses 
may have contributed. Roads, tour- 
ists, photographers, and rock climbers 
all may contribute to psychological 
stresses of peregrines. 
CAMPING, CLIMBING, TOURISM, WILDLIFE 
VIEWING, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPE- 
CIES, PEREGRINE FALCON 
49 
264. 
265. 
266. 
Klinghammer, —. 1978. Man and animals: 
Towards a sympatric relationship with 
wild animals. Pages 180-187 in C. M. 
Kirkpatrick, ed. Wildlife and people. 
Proceedings of the 1978 John S. Wright 
Forestry Conference, 23-24 February 
1978, Purdue University, West Lafay- 
ette, Ind. 
Problems of human-wildlife interac- 
tions are discussed in relation to be- 
havior of wildlife and humans. Human 
attitudes toward animals, responses of 
animals to humans, and special rela- 
tionships between humans and animals 
are discussed. Various options for 
the management of wildlife in relation 
to human interests are evaluated. 
HARASSMENT, WILDLIFE VIEWING, REVIEW, 
HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, THREATENED AND 
ENDANGERED SPECIES, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, 
WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Klukas, R., J. C. Ogden, T. Hines, W. B. 
Robertson, J. A. Kushlan, and H. W. 
Campbell. 1979. American crocodile 
recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service, Washington, D.C. 35 pp. 
Current status of the American croco- 
dile in Florida and detailed manage- 
ment plans are discussed. Reasons for 
recent crocodile declines include dis- 
turbance of nesting sites by boaters, 
destruction of nests by vandals, acci- 
dental highway kills, and poaching. 
BOATING, COASTAL ZONES, WETLANDS, 
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, U.S. 
NATIONAL PARKS 
Koford, C. B. 1953. The California 
condor. Natl. Audubon Soc. Res. Rep. 
4. 154 pp. 
Reactions of nesting adult condors to 
human disturbance are among behavioral 
aspects of the California condor de- 
scribed. Reactions to disturbance 
vary depending on stage of incubation, 
time since nesting began, previous 
disturbance, and other factors. Nest- 
ing adults are aware of humans in 
sight within 500 yards of the nest, 
and behavior is altered under = such 
conditions. It is impossible to pho- 
tograph nesting condors without dis- 
turbing them. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
WILDLIFE VIEWING, FORESTS, RANGELAND, 
