267. 
268. 
269. 
FLIGHT DISTANCE, THREATENED AND ENDAN- 
GERED SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, CALIFORNIA CONDOR 
Kury, C. R., and M. Gochfeld. 1975. 
Human interference and gull predation 
in cormorant colonies. Biol. Conserv. 
8: 23-34. 
Observations of behavioral interac- 
tions between double-crested cormor- 
ants, great black-backed gulls, and 
herring gulls in Maine, and between 
king shag and dolphin gulls in Argen- 
tina, indicate that certain predict- 
able interactions occur when breeding 
birds are disturbed. Disturbance im- 
pacts can be minimized in colonies 
where human access is carefully regu- 
lated. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), TOURISM, COASTAL 
ZONES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, PREDATION, 
DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT, DOLPHIN GULL, 
GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, HERRING GULL, 
KING SHAG, SEABIRDS 
Lavigne, G. R. 1976. Winter 
of deer to snowmobiles 
natural factors. M.S. 
versity of Maine, Orono. 
Supplement. 
response 
and selected 
Thesis. Uni- 
68 pp. plus 
Snowmobile trails enhanced deer mobil- 
ity during periods of deep snow in 
Maine, and probably reduced deer ener- 
gy expenditure in winter; deer used 
snowmobile trails most extensively 
Disturbance 
near major bedding areas. 
not cause deer to 
by snowmobiles did 
abandon preferred bedding and feeding 
sites. Deer responses to snowmobiles 
varied from running out of sight to 
staying in place, depending on condi- 
tions of the encounter. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, FORESTS, FLIGHT DIS- 
TANCE, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, WHITE-TAILED 
DEER 
Laycock, G. 1977. Everybody's favorite 
bear. Audubon 79(3):6-19. 
This popular article describes the bi- 
ology of black bears and provides ac- 
counts of human-bear encounters in 
parks and elsewhere. Bear damage to 
private property and both legal and 
illegal killing of bears are among 
problems associated with human-bear 
interactions. Educating the public 
50 
2/0. 
2/1. 
2/2. 
about bear behavior and role in eco- 
systems is necessary to assure their 
conservation. 
TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FORESTS, HU- 
MAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, RECREATION MAN- 
AGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, BLACK BEAR 
Leatherman, S. P., and P. J. Godfrey. 
1979. The impact of off-road vehicles 
on coastal ecosystems in Cape Cod Na- 
tional Seashore: An overview. Univ. 
Massachusetts, Amherst, Natl. Park 
Serv. Coop. Res. Unit Rep. 34. 34 pp. 
Impacts of off-road vehicles were 
tested by experiments on_ beaches, 
dunes, salt marshes, and tidal flats 
on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. It was 
concluded that there is no carrying 
capacity for vehicle impacts on coast- 
al ecosystems, since even low-level 
use can result in severe environmental 
degradation. Management recommenda- 
tions are presented based on the re- 
search results. A bibliography on the 
effects of off-road vehicles on coast- 
al ecosystems is included. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, COASTAL ZONES, WET- 
LANDS, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, BIBLIOGRA~- 
PHY, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, WILDLIFE (GEN- 
ERAL), WATERBIRDS 
Lenington,  S. 1979. Predators and 
blackbirds: The "uncertainty princi- 
ple" in field biology. Auk 96:190- 
192. 
From field studies in New Jersey and a 
review of literature, the author con- 
cludes that human activities, particu- 
larly research activities, signifi- 
cantly increase predation on red-wing- 
ed blackbird nests. Predators may 
follow human scents to nests, or re- 
peated flushing of adults may attract 
predators to nest locations. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
PREDATION, WETLANDS, RANGELAND, REVIEW, 
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD 
Leresche, Rk. E. 1966. Behavior and 
calf survival in Alaskan moose. M.S. 
Thesis. University of Alaska, Fair- 
banks. 85 pp. 
Aspects of moose behavior studied in 
Alaska included responses of moose to 
human disturbance. Reactions of moose 
