213. 
274, 
275. 
varied from rapid flight to complete 
disinterest, depending on the situa- 
tion. Flight distances, details of 
behavior, and instances of moose ag- 
gression toward humans are described. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), FORESTS, 
WETLANDS, HUMAN HEALTH AND 
FLIGHT DISTANCE, MOOSE 
LAKES, 
SAFETY, 
Liddle, M. J. 1975. A selective review 
of the ecological effects of human 
trampling on natural ecosystems. Bi- 
ol. Conserv. 7:1/-36. 
Literature concerning ecological ef- 
fects of trampling is reviewed. Most 
work has focused on effects on vegeta- 
tion, but impacts on wildlife are also 
mentioned. The author suggests types 
of research needed in the future and 
presents a model showing events and 
relationships that occur as a result 
of trampling. 
HIKING, REVIEW, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Liddle, M. J., and H. R. A. Scorgie. 
1980. The effects of recreation on 
freshwater plants and animals: A re- 
view. Biol. Conserv. 17:183-206. 
Impacts of recreation on freshwater 
plants and animals are reviewed. Im- 
pacts of boating include wash, pollu- 
tion from outboard motors, and sewage. 
Shore-based activities such as swim- 
ming can result in trampling and pol- 
lution from sewage and various chemi- 
cals. Effects of management for rec~ 
reation are also considered. 
BOATING, FISHING, HIKING, PICNICKING, 
SWIMMING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, LAKES, RIV- 
ERS, WETLANDS, REVIEW, RECREATION MAN- 
AGEMENT, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Lieb, J. W., and A. S. Mossman. 1974. 
Elk drowning. Murrelet 55:39-40. 
While studying elk in Prairie Creek 
Redwoods State Park, California, an 
investigator followed a disturbed elk 
for some distance and eventually ob- 
served the elk swim into the ocean and 
drown. The elk apparently was new to 
the area and unaware of other possible 
escape routes. 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), 
COASTAL ZONES, FORESTS, U.S. STATE PARKS 
AND LANDS, ELK 
2/6. 
277. 
278. 
Light, J. T., Jr. 1970. A progress re- 
port on bighorn habitat management in 
the San Bernardino National Forest. 
Trans. Desert Bighorn Counc. 14:9-13. 
Bighorn sheep range in the San Bernar- 
dino National Forest, California, is 
being managed to perpetuate sheep hab- 
itat and forest environments along 
with providing for public recreational 
opportunities. Proposed expansion of 
an existing ski area may adversely af- 
fect sheep habitat and cause distur- 
bance to the sheep population; impact 
studies recently initiated will de- 
termine impacts and provide measures 
to protect bighorn habitat and forest 
environmental quality. 
HIKING, SKIING, TOURISM, FORESTS, RANGE- 
LAND, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, U.S. NA- 
TIONAL FORESTS, BIGHORN SHEEP 
Light, J. T., Jr. 1971. An ecological 
view of bighorn habitat on Mt. San An- 
tonio. Trans. N. Am. Wild Sheep Conf. 
1:150-157. 
Ecological analysis of a California 
bighorn sheep range revealed relation- 
ships between bighorn habitat use and 
human disturbance associated with a 
ski resort and a summer cabin. It was 
found that bighorn use did not occur 
where human use was heavy and sheep 
were forced into less satisfactory 
habitats. 
HIKING, SKIING, TOURISM, FORESTS, RANGE- 
LAND, FLIGHT DISTANCE, RECREATION MAN- 
AGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, BIGHORN 
SHEEP 
Light, J. T., Jr. 1973. Analysis of 
bighorn habitat in the San Gabriel 
Mountains. Trans. Desert Bighorn 
Counc. L7+53-58. 
Information is presented on bighorn 
habitat use and effects of man on big- 
horn sheep in the San Gabriel Moun- 
tains, California. Projected recrea- 
tion use levels in summer are expected 
to surpass what bighorns will toler- 
ate, displacing sheep from preferred 
habitats. Management guidelines pro- 
posed for the area include limitations 
on number of recreationists and the 
location of travel routes to minimize 
human-bighorn encounters. 
CAMPING, HIKING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, OFF- 
ROAD VEHICLES, TOURISM, FORESTS, RANGE- 
