286. 
287. 
other recreation lands. Pages 221-239 
in K. A. Hammond, G. Macinko, and W. 
B. Fairchild, eds. Sourcebook on the 
environment: A guide to the litera- 
ture. University of Chicago Press, 
Chicago, I11. and London, England. 
613 pp. 
Several selected types of recreational 
impacts on wildlands and parks are re- 
viewed, including physical and biolog- 
ical changes associated with recrea- 
tional activities. Most literature 
reviewed is concerned with impacts on 
landscapes, vegetation, and soils, but 
effects of recreation on wildlife are 
also mentioned. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), TOURISM, REVIEW, 
WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Lucas, R. C., and G. H. Stankey. 1974. 
Social carrying capacity for backcoun- 
try recreation. Pages 14-23 in Out- 
door recreation § research: Applying 
the results. Papers from a workshop, 
19-21 June 1973, Marquette, Mich. 
U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-9. 
Recreational carrying capacity in 
wildlands is determined by management 
objectives, visitor attitudes and per- 
ceptions, and visitor impacts on bio- 
logical-physical resources’ including 
wildlife. The authors suggest that 
resource management in_ backcountry, 
especially for fish and wildlife, 
could be intensive. Carrying capacity 
research is reviewed. 
BOATING, CAMPING, HIKING, WILDLIFE VIEW- 
ING, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, REVIEW, 
WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Luckenbach, R. A. 1978. An analysis of 
off-road vehicle use on desert avi- 
faunas. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Re- 
sour. Conf. 43:157-162. 
Research in California and elsewhere 
is reviewed showing the detrimental 
impacts of off-road vehicle use on 
desert birds. Breeding populations as 
well as winter visitant and migrant 
species can be affected. Approaches 
to management in relation to desert 
avifaunas are discussed. 
CAMPING, OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, DESERTS, 
RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGE- 
MENT, REVIEW, BIRDS 
53 
288. 
289. 
290. 
Luckenbach, R. A. 1980. Studies of 
desert vertebrate communities: Re- 
sponses to disturbed environments. 
Ph.D. Diss. University of California, 
Berkeley. 209 pp. 
Results of four studies of desert ver- 
tebrate communities in California are 
reported and impacts of off-road vehi- 
cles on California desert vertebrates 
are reviewed. Vehicle-impacted areas 
had reduced ground cover, fewer spe- 
cies and lower densities of breeding 
birds, lizards, and rodents, and fewer 
large mammal tracks. 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, WETLANDS, PREDATION, 
CANADA GOOSE, HERRING GULL, THAYER'S 
GULL 
Luckenbach, R. A. 1982. Ecology and 
management of the desert tortoise (Go- 
pherus agassizii) in California. 
Pages 1-37 in R. B. Bury, ed. North 
American tortoises: Conservation and 
ecology. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. 
Wild]. Res. Rep. 12. 
Surveys in California documenting the 
distribution and abundance of the des- 
ert tortoise and a review of the ecol- 
ogy of the species indicated factors 
contributing to its decline. Human 
impacts include collection and removal 
of tortoises, highway accidents, and 
effects of off-road vehicles through 
direct mortality and habitat destruc- 
tion. Management efforts include a 
proposal for a reserve in the Mojave 
Desert to limit human impacts. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, HARASSMENT, DESERTS, 
RANGELAND, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED 
SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, U.S. BLM 
LANDS, DESERT TORTOISE 
1977. Urban cemeteries 
Condor 79:456-461. 
Lussenhop, J. 
as bird refuges. 
Studies of cemetery bird communities 
in Chicago, Illinois, found that larg- 
er, more heterogeneous cemeteries sup- 
ported more bird species than the sur- 
rounding city. Complete development 
of the cemeteries would reduce the 
number of bird species present; recre- 
ational pressures tend to limit the 
value of urban cemeteries as bird ref- 
uges. 
HIKING, DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), FORESTS, 
URBAN ZONES, BIRDS 
