291. 
29? 
293. 
MacArthur, R. A., R. H. Johnston, and V. 
Geist. 1979. Factors influencing 
heart rate in free-ranging bighorn 
sheep: A physiological approach to 
the study of wildlife 
Can. J. Zool. 57:2010-2021. 
harassment. 
Heart rates of unrestrained female 
bighorn sheep were measured by telem- 
etry in Alberta. In all ewes studied 
heart rate varied positively with ac- 
tivity level and inversely with dis- 
tance to a road. Responses to other 
stimuli varied. Findings are discus- 
sed in relation to ecology and bioen- 
ergetics of bighorn sheep. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), TOURISM, HARASS- 
MENT, FORESTS, BIGHORN SHEEP 
MacCarter, D. L. 1972. Reproductive 
performance and population trends of 
ospreys of Flathead Lake, Montana. 
M.S. Thesis. Humboldt State Univer- 
sity, Arcata, Calif. 80 pp. 
Human disturbance is discussed as a 
possible influence on osprey reproduc- 
tive success at Flathead Lake, Monta- 
na. The greatest potential distur- 
bance was from researchers climbing to 
nests, but there were no apparent 
losses of eggs or chicks due to re- 
search activities. Recreation activi- 
ties associated with summer resorts 
take place primarily after osprey eggs 
have hatched; disturbance did not ap- 
pear to be an important factor. 
BOATING, PICNICKING, SWIMMING, HARASS- 
MENT, TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FOR- 
ESTS, LAKES, OSPREY 
Mace, R. U. 1974. Application of vehi- 
cle restrictions in wildlife manage- 
ment. Proc. Annu. Conf. West. Assoc. 
State Game Fish Comm. 54: 205-210. 
Problems associated with increased use 
of remote habitats by persons using 
off-road vehicles are described; these 
include harassment of wildlife by ve- 
hicles during winter and other criti- 
cal seasons, and physical destruction 
of habitat by vehicles. Regulatory 
measures and difficulties of enforce- 
ment are discussed. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, HARASSMENT, FORESTS, 
RANGELAND, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILD- 
LIFE (GENERAL), ELK 
294. 
295. 
296. 
29f, 
MacInnes, C. D. 1980. Comment: Ob- 
server-induced predation is real. J. 
Wildl. Manage. 44: 222-224. 
The author clarifies a method for es- 
timating undisturbed waterfowl nest 
predation reported in an earlier study 
of Canada goose nest predation at Mc- 
Connell River, Northwest Territories. 
Further study of the problem of visi- 
tor-induced bias in nesting studies is 
suggested. 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, WETLANDS, PREDATION, 
CANADA GOOSE, HERRING GULL, THAYER'S 
GULL 
MacInnes, C. D., and R. K. Misra. 1972. 
Predation on Canada goose nests at Mc- 
Connell River, Northwest Territories. 
J. Wild]. Manage. 36:414-422. 
Predation by jaegers and gulls on 
nests of Canada geese was increased by 
human disturbance of nests. Partial 
clutch losses, responsible for 55% of 
all observed losses, probably did not 
occur in the absence of disturbance by 
humans. Predation losses of eggs 
would have been small (about 10%) 
without human disturbance. 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, WETLANDS, 
CANADA GOOSE, HERRING GULL, 
GULL, PARASITIC JAEGER 
PREDATION, 
THAYER'S 
Maffei, E—. J. 1978. Golf courses as 
wildlife habitat. Trans. Northeast 
Fish Wildl. Conf. 35:120-129. 
Golf courses are excellent examples of 
open space remnants providing wildlife 
habitat in urban areas. Studies of a 
Massachusetts golf course identified 
habitat types, wildlife species pres- 
ent, and management potentials. Ac- 
tive and passive uses of wildlife by 
people on golf courses include hunting 
and fishing, bird watching, and photo- 
graphing wildlife in natural surround- 
ings. 
WILDLIFE VIEWING, URBAN ZONES, WILDLIFE 
MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Mallette, R. D. 1978. Endangered wild- 
life program: California condor ac- 
tivity study, Santa Barbara County. 
Calif. Dept. Fish Game Project E-QO01- 
R-O1/WPO5/J1.7. 6 pp. (MIN 0478800- 
45). 
