298. 
299, 
300. 
In a study of condor activity in Cali- 
fornia, potential disturbance factors 
were noted and recommendations made to 
protect  condors. Among potential 
sources of disturbance were vehicle 
use of forest access roads, backcoun- 
try hiking, and disturbance by the in- 
vestigators. 
HIKING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, RESEARCH IM- 
PACTS, RANGELAND, RECREATION MANAGEMENT , 
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, CALI- 
FORNIA CONDOR 
Mallette, R. D., and D. P. Garber. 1970. 
Special wildlife investigations: Rap- 
tor survey. Calif. Dept. Fish Game 
Project W-054-R-02/WP03/JO06/FIN. Al 
pp. (MIN 047180252). 
Included in this report of raptor in- 
vestigations are results of an osprey 
breeding study in California. Distur- 
bance of osprey nests and young by 
campers and sportsmen are included in 
a list of factors influencing osprey 
nesting success. 
CAMPING, DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), FORESTS, 
OSPREY 
Manuwal, D. A. 1978. Effect of man on 
marine birds: A review. Pages 140- 
160 in C. M. Kirkpatrick, ed. Wild- 
life and people. Proceedings of the 
1978 John S. Wright Forestry Confer- 
ence, 23-24 February 1978, Purdue Uni- 
versity, West Lafayette, Ind. 
Human impacts on seabirds and strate- 
gies for protection and preservation 
of seabirds are discussed. Human in- 
trusions to colonies are probably most 
detrimental during breeding, when eggs 
and young are vulnerable to exposure 
and predation. Effects of field 
research and visitation during non- 
breeding periods may also be signifi- 
cant in some cases. Reserves and ref- 
uges in the U.S. and Canada now pro- 
tect many important breeding areas. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
WILDLIFE VIEWING, HARASSMENT, COASTAL 
ZONES, REVIEW, PREDATION, RECREATION 
MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL WILDLIFE REF- 
UGES, SEABIRDS 
Manuwal, D. A., and R. W. Campbell. 
1979. Status and distribution of 
breeding seabirds of southeastern 
Alaska, British Columbia, and Washing- 
ton. Pages 73-91 in J. C. Bartonek 
and D. N. Nettleship, eds. Conserva- 
tion of marine birds of northern North 
America. Papers from the Internation- 
al Symposium, 13-15 May 1975, Seattle, 
Wash. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Wildl. 
Res. Rep. ll. 
Seabird population estimates and 
changes in numbers are reviewed for a 
portion of the North American Pacific 
Coast. In general reliable population 
estimates are lacking and changes in 
numbers are difficult to detect. The 
remote locations of many colonies may 
provide some protection from human in- 
terference. Recommended areas for fu- 
ture research include studies of the 
effects of human disturbance on sea~ 
bird colonies. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), COASTAL ZONES, 
URBAN ZONES, REVIEW, SEABIRDS 
Manville, R. H. 1962. A plea for bat 
conservation. J. Mammal. 43:5/71. 
A serious problem facing bat popula- 
tions is their destruction by humans 
out of ignorance or malice. Persons 
visiting caves sometimes disturb bats; 
vandals often kill bats for no speci- 
fic purpose. When the entire popula- 
tion of a species is concentrated in a 
few hibernating colonies, as may be 
true for the gray bat, disturbance may 
hasten their extinction. 
SPELUNKING, RESEARCH IMPACTS, HARASS~- 
MENT, BATS, GRAY BAT 
March, D., and C. Adams. 1973. A Front 
Range concept: The need for the Nod- 
dles-Rampart-South Platte recreation 
area. Wildlife-2000, Aurora, Colo. 
112 pp. plus appendices. 
Results of a comprehensive study of 
wildlife, motorized recreation vehi- 
cles, and forest management in central 
Colorado are reported. Impacts of 
off-road vehicles on wildlife are se- 
vere, especially when engine noise 1s 
loud. Human recreational activities 
have accelerated habitat changes which 
threaten vital watersheds and the 
wildlife which inhabit them. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, HARASSMENT, CAMPING, 
HIKING, HORSEBACK RIDING, WILDLIFE VIEW- 
ING, FORESTS, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
