303. 
304, 
305. 
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL FOR- 
ESTS, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Markham, B.J., and S.H. Brechtel. 1978. 
Status and management of three colo- 
nial waterbird species jin Alberta. 
Pages 55-64 in Proceedings, 1978 Con- 
ference of the Colonial Waterbird 
Group, 20-23 October 1978, New York, 
N.Y. 
Present status and management of the 
white pelican, double-crested cormor- 
ant, and great blue heron in Alberta 
are described. A major management 
problem is human disturbance of breed- 
ing colonies. Harassment causing 
adults to leave nests can result in 
nest desertion, abandonment of colo- 
nies, and increased mortality of young 
from predation or exposure. Protec- 
tive legislation and a public educa- 
tion program have been enacted to Jim- 
it human disruption of colonies. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), HARASSMENT, WILD- 
LIFE VIEWING, LAKES, RIVERS, PREDATION, 
RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGE- 
MENT, WHITE PELICAN, DOUBLE-CRESTED COR- 
MORANT, GREAT BLUE HERON 
Marsh, J. 1970. Bears and the public 
in our National Parks: A survey of 
attitudes to bears and their manage- 
ment. Can. Audubon 32:43-45, 
The problem of bear-man conflicts jin 
Canadian National Parks and results of 
a visitor attitude survey are discus- 
sed in this nontechnical article. 
Park visitors varied greatly in their 
knowledge of bears, and expressed a 
variety of views concerning bear man- 
agement. The encouragement of safer 
public behavior and a more realistic 
assessment of potential bear hazards 
are suggested. 
CAMPING, HIKING, FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH 
AND SAFETY, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED 
SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE 
MANAGEMENT, CANADIAN NATIONAL PARKS, 
BLACK BEAR, GRIZZLY BEAR 
Marsh, J. S. 1972. Bears and man in 
Glacier National Park, British Colum- 
bia, 1880-1980. Pages 289-296 in S. 
Herrero, ed. Bears--their biology and 
management. Second International Con- 
ference on Bear Research and Manage- 
ment, 6-9 November 1970, Calgary, Al- 
56 
306. 
307. 
berta. [UCN Publ. 
ges, Switzerland. 
New Ser. 23, Mor- 
Behavior and attitudes of park visi- 
tors toward grizzly bears were exam- 
ined from the literature, ecological 
studies, and public opinion surveys. 
Changes in the park environment since 
1880 have led to changes in both human 
and bear behavior. Fear and ignorance 
expressed by early park visitors has 
slowly given way to observational en- 
thusiasm. Management actions based on 
visitor attitudes and desires and bear 
biology are suggested. 
CLIMBING, HIKING, HARASSMENT, WILDLIFE 
VIEWING, TOURISM, FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH 
AND SAFETY, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED 
SPECIES, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, RECREATION 
MANAGEMENT, CANADIAN NATIONAL PARKS, 
GRIZZLY BEAR, BLACK BEAR 
Martinka, C. J. 1971. Status and man- 
agement of grizzly bears in Glacier 
National Park, Montana. Trans. N. Am. 
Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 36:312-322. 
Results of grizzly bear ecology stud- 
jes in Glacier National Park and addi- 
tional data on bear-human confronta- 
tions and bear management actions are 
summarized. Most human-bear incidents 
occurred in backcountry and involved 
sows with young or bears attracted to 
unnatural food sources. Intensive 
management of bears and park visitors 
has been accompanied by declining hu- 
man injury rates. 
CAMPING, HIKING, HARASSMENT, WILDLIFE 
VIEWING, TOURISM, FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH 
AND SAFETY, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILD- 
LIFE MANAGEMENT, THREATENED AND ENDAN- 
GERED SPECIES, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, 
GRIZZLY BEAR 
Martinka, C. J. 1974. Population char- 
acteristics of grizzly bears in Glaci- 
er National Park, Montana. J. Mammal. 
5321-29) 
Studies of grizzly bear population 
characteristics in Glacier National 
Park revealed information on impacts 
of park visitors on grizzlies. Pres- 
ent levels of visitation do not appear 
to have adverse impacts on grizzly 
populations. The major impact from 
Visitation is the occasional need to 
remove or destroy problem bears; such 
problems have been related to improper 
