308. 
309. 
310, 
garbage disposal and human encounters 
with maternal grizzlies. 
CAMPING, HIKING, TOURISM, FORESTS, HUMAN 
HEALTH AND SAFETY, THREATENED AND ENDAN- 
GERED SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL 
PARKS, GRIZZLY BEAR 
Martinka, C. J. 1974. Preserving the 
natural status of grizzlies in Glacier 
National Park. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 2: 
13-17. 
A bear management program in Glacier 
National Park included visitor infor- 
mation, travel restrictions, removal 
of unnatural food, and bear control. 
Fewer human injuries and bear deaths 
occurred during the time of program 
implementation than in previous years. 
CAMPING, HIKING, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FOR- 
ESTS, HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, RECREA- 
TION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, 
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, U.S. 
NATIONAL PARKS, GRIZZLY BEAR 
Martinka, C. J. 
and management 
1976. Ecological role 
of grizzly bears in 
Glacier National Park, Montana. Pages 
147-156 in M. R. Pelton, J. W. Lent- 
fer, and G. E. Folk, eds. Bears-— 
their biology and management. Third 
International Conference on Bear Re- 
search and Management, June 19/74, 
Binghamton, N.Y. and Moscow, USSR. 
IUCN Publ. New Ser. 40, Morges, Swit- 
zerland. 
Ecology and management of grizzly 
bears in Glacier National Park are de- 
scribed. The history of man-bear in- 
teractions in western North America 
and reasons for bear population de- 
clines are discussed. Current objec- 
tives are to protect visitors and 
maintain natural bear populations; 
management involves visitor travel re- 
strictions in backcountry and _ bear 
control. 
CAMPING, HIKING, FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH 
AND SAFETY, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED 
SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE 
MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, GRIZZLY 
BEAR 
Martinka, C. Jd. 1976. Grizzly bear 
population studies in Glacier National 
Park, Montana. Pages 195-206 in Re- 
57 
311. 
oz. 
313. 
search in the parks: Transactions of 
the National Park Centennial Symposi- 
um, 28-29 December 1971. U.S. Natl. 
Park Serv. Symp. Ser. Ll. 
Data are reported from studies of 
grizzly bear status, dynamics, habitat 
relationships, and management in Gla- 
cier National Park. Present levels of 
park visitation do not appear to be 
sufficient to have adverse effects on 
the grizzly population, although human 
activities in areas adjacent to the 
park are a potential source of impacts 
to peripheral segments of the park's 
bear population. A wild, free-ranging 
grizzly population offers the least 
opportunity for conflict with man. 
TOURISM, FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFE- 
TY, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE MAN- 
AGEMENT, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPE- 
CIES, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, GRIZZLY BEAR 
1971. Special wildlife 
A breeding study of 
least tern. Calif. 
Project W-054-R-03/ 
(MIN 047280121). 
Massey, B. W. 
investigations: 
the California 
Dept. Fish Game 
WPO2/J05. 26 pp. 
Studies of a California least tern 
colony indicated that protection from 
human disturbance was a necessity for 
management of the colony. Pedestrians 
and cyclists in the vicinity of colo- 
nies disturbed nesting terns. 
BICYCLING, HIKING, SWIMMING, HARASSMENT , 
COASTAL ZONES, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED 
SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, U.S. 
STATE PARKS AND LANDS, CALIFORNIA LEAST 
TERN 
Mathisen, J. E. 1968. Effects of human 
disturbance on nesting of bald eagles. 
J. Wildl. Manage. 32:1-6. 
Bald eagle nesting success in Minne- 
sota was studied in relation to in- 
tensity of several forms of human dis- 
turbance, including recreation activi- 
ties. Human disturbance did not 
appear to significantly affect nest 
occupancy or nesting success. 
BOATING, DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), FORESTS, 
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, U.S. 
NATIONAL FORESTS, BALD EAGLE 
Mathisen, J. E., D. Jd. 
Frenzel, and T. C. 
Sorenson, L. D. 
Dunstan. 1977. 
