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OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, FORESTS, URBAN ZONES, 
RECREATION MANAGEMENT, SNOWSHOE HARE, 
RED FOX 
Newman, J. R., W. H. Brennan, and L. M. 
Smith. 1977. Twelve-year changes in 
nesting patterns of bald eagles (Hali- 
aeetus leucocephalus) on San Juan Is- 
land, Washington. Murrelet 58:37-39. 


On San Juan Island in Puget Sound, 
Washington, nest sites described 12 
years previously were inventoried to 
determine changes in ba!d eagle nesi~ 
ing patterns. Over the 12-year peri- 
od, the number of bald eagle nests In 
creased 100% while human activities on 
the island also increased significani~ 
ly. Most nests are now much closer to 
human activity; mests nearest the 
highest concentrations of buildings 
have alternate nests associated with 
them, 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), COASTAL ZONES, 
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, BALD 
EAGLE 
Nichols, L. 1975. Report and recom- 
mendations of the Dall anda stone sheep 
workshop group. Pages 208-266 in J. 
B. Trefethen, ed. The wild sheep in 
modern North America. Boone and 
Crockett Club and the Winchester 
Press, New York, N.Y. 
Among suggested guidelines for the 
management of Dall and stone sheep is 
the establishment of reserves or ret~ 
uges for nonconsumptive public use of 
sheep. The need for research concern- 
ing the effects of disturbance of 
sheep by snowmobiles and all-terrain 
vehicles is recognized. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), OFF-ROAD VEHI~ 
CLES, WILDLIFE VIEWING, FORESTS, TUNDRA, 
RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGE~ 
MENT, DALL SHEEP 
Nisbet, I. C. T. 1973. Terns in Massa~ 
chusetts: Present numbers and histor~ 
ical changes. Bird-Banding 44:27-55. 
Data concerning numbers of four spe~ 
cies of terns and causes of declines 
in some species are discussed. Human 
disturbance, especially beach driving, 
is an obvious adverse factor for the 
least tern, and may also be an import- 
ant factor for the arctic tern, Other 
359. 
factors appear to be responsible for 
changes in common tern and roseate 
tern numbers. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, DISTURBANCE (GENER- 
AL), COASTAL ZONES. LEAST TERN, ARCTIC 
TERN, COMMON TERN, ROSEATE TERN 
Nisbet, 1. C. T. 1978. Direct human 
influences: Hunting and the use hy 
birds ot man's waste deposits. Ibis 
120: 134 (Abstract only). 
In addition to hunting and waste dis~ 
posal, direct human effects on sea~ 
birds include disturbance hy biolo~ 
gists conductina seabird research 
Access to seabird colonies shoulda not 
be prohibited; rather, controlled vis~ 
jtation should be encouraged The 
protection and conservation of seabird 
colonies depends in part on public 
support, and education is necessary to 
achieve these ends. 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, DISTURBANCE (GENERAL) . 
WILDLIFE VIEWING. COASTAL ZONES, URBAN 
ZONES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, SEABIRDS 
Nisbet, I. €. 7, 1979. Conservation of 
marine birds of northern North Amer?~ 
ca--a summary. Pades 305-315 in J. ©. 
Bartonek and D. N. Nettleship, eds. 
Conservation of marine birds of north~ 
ern North America. Papers from the 
International Symposium, 13-15 May 
1975, Seattie, Wash. U.S. Fish Wildl. 
Serv. Wildl. Res. Rep. 1: 
The author draws on information pre- 
sented at the symposium to make a case 
tor seabird conservation and to pro-~ 
pose priorities for action. The vul- 
nerability of the resource, past and 
present threats, and the practicabil- 
ity of conservation are discussed 
Human disturbance is a factor that car 
be expected to worsen as tourism in~ 
creases. Disturbance by recreation~ 
ists and naturalists poses specia! 
problems for seabird conservation 
Since public education will also in- 
crease public interest. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), TOURISM, WILDLIFE 
VIEWING, COASTAL ZONES, RECREATION MAN~ 
AGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, SEABIRDS 
Noake, D. W. 1967. Camping as a factor 
jn the ecological impact of tourism 
and recreation. Pages 224-229 in Jo~ 
