365. 
366. 
367. 
of adults into the breeding popula- 
tion. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), COASTAL ZONES, 
WETLANDS, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPE- 
CIES, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, AMERICAN 
CROCODILE 
Ohmann, L. F. 1974. Ecological carry- 
ing capacity. Pages 24-28 in Outdoor 
recreation research: Applying the re- 
sults. Papers from a workshop, 19-21 
June 1973, Marquette, Mich. U.S. For. 
Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-9. 
The concept of recreational carrying 
capacity is reviewed and defined in 
terms of management objectives for 
specific areas. Site factors that 
must be considered include flora and 
fauna, especially where they are the 
basis for recreational use of the 
area. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RECREATION MAN- 
AGEMENT, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Olendorff, R. R. 1973. The ecology of 
the nesting birds of prey of north- 
eastern Colorado. U.S. IBP Grassl. 
Biome Tech. Rep. 211. Natural Re- 
source Ecology Laboratory, Colorado 
State University, Fort Collins. 223 
Pp: 
In this detailed report on the biology 
of nesting raptors on a_ shortgrass 
prairie region of Colorado, dangers of 
raptor nesting studies to eggs and 
young are discussed including tramp- 
ling, cooling and overheating of eggs, 
predation, desertion, missed feedings, 
mishandling of young, and premature 
fledging. Effects of land use on 
nesting Swainson's hawks were evalu- 
ated; lands posted against trespassing 
showed increased hawk fledging suc~ 
cess. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
RANGELAND, PREDATION, WILDLIFE MANAGE- 
MENT, U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS, RAPTORS, 
SWAINSON'S HAWK 
Olsen, D. L., D. R. Blankinship, R. C. 
Erickson, R. Drewien, H. D. Irby, R. 
Lock, and L. S. Smith. 1980. Whoop- 
ing crane recovery plan. U.S. Fish 
and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 
206 pp. 
67 
368. 
369. 
370. 
This recovery plan presents informa- 
tion on the history, biology, and sta- 
tus of the whooping crane, and detail- 
ed management plans aimed at restoring 
the whooping crane to nonendangered 
status. Among factors believed re- 
sponsible for the near extinction of 
the species are various forms of indi- 
rect and direct human disturbance. 
Whoopers seem to tolerate some distur- 
bance, but only for short periods of 
time and if no obvious threats occur. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), BOATING, WILDLIFE 
VIEWING, LAKES, WETLANDS, THREATENED AND 
ENDANGERED SPECIES, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT , 
U.S. NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES, CANADIAN 
NATIONAL PARKS, WHOOPING CRANE 
Olsen, J., and P. Olsen. 1980. Allevi- 
ating the impact of human disturbance 
on the breeding peregrine falcon II. 
Public and recreational lands. Corel- 
Ja 4:54-57. 
Some potential sources of disturbance 
to peregrine falcons are outlined, in- 
cluding breeding disruption by camp- 
ers, hikers, climbers, and boats. Fu- 
ture research needs and management 
practices for alleviation of distur- 
bances are suggested. 
BOATING, CLIMBING, CAMPING, HIKING, REC- 
REATION MANAGEMENT, THREATENED AND EN- 
DANGERED SPECIES, REVIEW, PEREGRINE FAL- 
CON 
Olsen, P., and J. Olsen. 1978. Allevi- 
ating the impact of human disturbance 
on the breeding peregrine falcon. Ll. 
Ornithologists. Corella 2:1-/. 
The impact of ornithologists (includ- 
ing photographers, egg collectors, and 
bird watchers) on nesting peregrine 
falcons is discussed. Suggestions are 
made for minimizing bias in field 
studies due to disturbance and for al- 
leviating breeding disruption. 
WILDLIFE VIEWING, RESEARCH IMPACTS, REC- 
REATION MANAGEMENT, THREATENED AND EN- 
DANGERED SPECIES, REVIEW, PEREGRINE FAL- 
CON 
Owen, R.B., Jr., and J.W. Morgan. 19/75. 
Influence of night-lighting and band- 
ing on woodcock movements. Wildl. 
Soc. Bull. 3:77-79. 
