372. 
373. 
Effects of aisturbance on woodcock in 
Maine were studied by simulating band- 
ing operations on telemetered birds. 
Nisturbance did not appear to directly 
increase mortality of woodcock from 
injury or predation. Flushing birds 
changed their daily movement patterns: 
disturbed birds tended to avoid the 
site of disturbance for at least a 
week, 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), HARASSMENT, RE- 
SEARCH IMPACTS, FORESTS, PREDATION, 
AMERICAN WOODCOCK 
Page, P. J. 1971. Special wiidlife in- 
vestigations: Second progress report 
af the San Joaquin River rookery 
‘tudy. Calif. Dept. Fish Game Project 
'-054-R-03/WP03/J05/SP2. 25 pp. (MIN 
J47380842 )}. 
Human disturbance and adverse weather 
reduced nesting success of great blue 
erons on tne San wvoaquin River ijn 
California. fhe presence of fishermen 
caused herons to abandon nests. A 
case of fledgling mortality due to 
disturbance by the investigators is 
recorded. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RESEARCH IMPACTS, 
FISHING, RIVERS, WETLANDS, GREAT BLUE 
HERON 
Paynter, R. A., Jr. 1951. Clutch-size 
and egg mortality of Kent Island ei- 
ders. Ecology 32:497-507. 
In a study of nesting eiders on Kent 
Island, New Brunswick, human distur- 
bance of eiders appeared to increase 
mortality of eggs. Presence of the 
researcher caused eiders to temporar- 
ily abandon nests, leaving eggs vul- 
herable to predation by gulls. 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, COASTAL ZONES, PREDA- 
TION, COMMON EIDER, HERRING GULL 
Pelton, M. R. 1972. Use of foot trail 
travellers in the Great Smoky Moun- 
tains National Park to estimate black 
bear (Ursus americanus) activity. 
Pages 36-42 in S. Herrero, ed. Bears 
--their biology and management. Sec- 
ond I[nternational ConTerence on Bear 
Research and Management, 6-9 November 
1970, Calgary, Alberta. IUCN Publ. 
New Ser. 23, Morges, Switzerland. 

58 
374. 
3/5. 
[Index trails were hiked by researchers 
to collect data on bear activity in 
Great Smoky Mountains National Park. 
Additional data were collected from 
bear survey forms distributed to back- 
packers. While bear activity appeared 
to be independent of visitor use on a 
park-wide scale, local densities of 
bears seemed to be affected by people. 
Visitors and poachers are probably the 
greatest factors influencing bear con- 
centrations. 
CAMPING, HIKING, TOURISM, FORESTS, U.S. 
NATIONAL PARKS, BLACK BEAR 
Pelton, M. R., C. D. Scott, and G. M., 
Burghardt. 19/76. Attitudes and opin- 
jons of persons experiencing property 
damage and/or personal injury by black 
bears in the Great Smoky Mountains Na- 
tional Park. Pages 15/-167 in M. R. 
Pelton, J. W. Lentfer, and G. E. Folk, 
eds. Bears-—-their biology and manage- 
ment. Second International Conference 
on Bear Research and Management, 6-9 
June 1974, Binghamton, N.Y. and Mos- 
cow, USSR. IUCN Publ. New Ser. 40, 
Morges, Switzerland. 
Questionnaires were mailed to 231 per- 
sons involved in black bear damage or 
injury incidents in Great Smoky Moun- 
tains National Park, 1968-1973. Of 
119 respondents, 68% stated they re- 
ceived information concerning possible 
problems with bears before the inci- 
dent occurred, and 93% had food with 
them at the time of the incident. 
Suggestions and comments offered by 
respondents are listed. 
CAMPING, HIKING, TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEW- 
ING, FORESTS, HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY, 
RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE MANAGE- 
MENT, U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, BLACK BEAR 
Penland, S. T. 1976. The natural his- 
tory and current status of the Caspian 
tern (Hydroprogne caspia) in Washing- 
ton State. M.S. Thesis. University 
of Puget Sound, [acoma, Wash. LO1 pp. 
Status, distribution, and aspects of 
biology of the Caspian tern were stud- 
ied in Washington State. Human activ- 
ity, affecting terns directly and in- 
directly, appears to be the greatest 
hazard to tern survival. Nest aban- 
donment in response to disturbance was 
observed; mortality of eggs and espe- 
cially chicks due to human presence 
