376. 
377. 
378. 
can seriously impair the breeding suc- 
cess of the colony. Management recom- 
mendations are suggested. 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, HIKING, WILDLIFE VIEW- 
ING, COASTAL ZONES, PREDATION, RECREA- 
TION MANAGEMENT, CASPIAN TERN 
Penny, J. R. 19/71. 
on the public lands in California. 
Pages 95-110 in M. Chubb, ed. Pro- 
ceedings of the 1971 Snowmobile and 
Off the Road Vehicle Research Symposi- 
um, 14-15 June 1971, East Lansing, 
Off-road vehicles 
Mich. Michigan State Univ., East 
Lansing, Dept. Park Recr. Resour. 
Tech. Rep. 8. 
Among effects of ‘off-road vehicle use 
cited are impacts on desert bighorn 
sheep and the destruction of nests of 
upland game birds. Management prob- 
lems and potential solutions are dis- 
cussed, 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, DESERTS, RANGELAND, 
U.S. BLM LANDS, BIGHORN SHEEP, GALLINA- 
CEOUS BIRDS 
Petit, M. G. 1978. Imperiled bats of 
Eagle Creek Cave. Nat. Hist. 87(3): 
50-55. 
A colony of Mexican free-tailed bats 
in Arizona and factors affecting their 
survival are discussed in this non- 
technical article. The population is 
decreasing by about 10% per year; oth- 
er populations of the subspecies are 
also declining. The major cause of 
the decline may be pesticides, but ha- 
rassment of maternal colonies is also 
taking a toll. Preventing human dis- 
turbance and limiting pesticide use 
are necessary to save the bats. 
HARASSMENT, SPELUNKING, DESERTS, BRAZIL- 
IAN FREE-TAILED BAT 
Picozzi, N. 1970. Breeding performance 
and shooting bags of red grouse in re- 
lation to public access in the Peak 
District National Park, England. Bi- 
ol. Conserv. 3:211-215. 
Red grouse (willow ptarmigan) brood 
numbers on moors where people had un- 
restricted access were compared with 
counts from similar moors where access 
was limited. Grouse breeding was no 
less on unrestricted access moors, and 
69 
379. 
380. 
381. 
numbers taken by hunters showed no de- 
cline associated with public access. 
HIKING, TOURISM, RANGELAND, RECREATION 
MANAGEMENT, WILLOW PTARMIGAN 
Platt, J. B. 1977. The breeding behav- 
ior of wild and captive gyrfalcons in 
relation to their environment and hu- 
man disturbance. Ph.D. Diss. Cornel] 
University, Ithaca, New York. 173 pp. 
Nesting gyrfalcons in the Yukon Terri- 
tory, Canada, were experimentally dis- 
turbed by helicopter’ overflights. 
There was an inverse relationship be- 
tween the percentage of birds disturb- 
ed and the altitude of the helicopter 
above the nest. Gyrfalcons did not 
appear distressed by the sound of an 
unseen helicopter but watched aircraft 
passing up to 2 km away. No pair was 
known to have abandoned nesting ef- 
forts because of helicopter’ over- 
flights. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), TUNDRA, GYRFALCON 
Plunkett, R. L. 1979. Major elements 
of a five-year comprehensive plan of 
research and management for the Great 
Lakes and northeastern United States 
populations of the common loon, Gavia 
immer. Pages 154-162 in S. A. Sut- 
cliffe, ed. Proceedings of the Second 
North American Conference on Common 
Loon Research and Management, 14-16 
January 1979, Syracuse, N.Y. Audubon 
Society of New Hampshire, Meredith. 
A comprehensive plan to restore and 
maintain stable populations of the 
common loon in the northeastern U.S. 
is presented. One major research need 
is to study human disturbance as a 
mortality factor of summer breeding 
populations. Management programs in- 
clude enforcing regulations to mini- 
mize unnecessary disturbance of loons, 
and restricting human activities where 
they interfere with loon breeding pro- 
cesses. 
BOATING, HARASSMENT, DISTURBANCE (GENER- 
AL), TOURISM, LAKES, RECREATION MANAGE- 
MENT, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, COMMON LOON 
Poole, A. 1981. The effects of human 
disturbance on osprey reproductive 
success. Colon. Waterbirds 4:20-2/7. 
