387. 
388. 
389. 
Rabinowitz, A., and M. D. Tuttle. 1980. 
Status of summer colonies of the en- 
dangered gray bat in Kentucky. J. 
Wildl. Manage. 44:955-960. 
Since the gray bat is almost entirely 
restricted to caves year-round, large 
colonies are extremely vulnerable to 
sudden destruction. Alarming declines 
in numbers of gray bats in Kentucky 
and elsewhere have been related to hu- 
man disturbance. Commercial develop- 
ment of caves, deliberate harassment 
and killing of bats, and inadvertent 
disturbance of roosting and hibernat- 
ing bats by spelunkers continue to 
threaten this critically endangered 
species. 
SPELUNKING, HARASSMENT, TOURISM, THREAT- 
ENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, RECREATION 
MANAGEMENT, GRAY BAT 
Racey, P. A., and R. E. Stebbings. 19/72. 
Bats in Britain--a_ status’ report. 
Oryx TLs319-327. 
Results of a survey of members of the 
Mammal Society in Great Britain con- 
firmed earlier reports of a serious 
decline in bat numbers in Europe and 
America. Disturbance and destruction 
of bats by humans along with loss of 
habitat are major causes of the de- 
cline. Two species of bats in Britain 
are in danger of extinction; the sur- 
vival of these cave-dwelling bats de- 
pends on disturbance-free underground 
roosts and hibernacula. 
HARASSMENT, DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), RE- 
SEARCH IMPACTS, SPELUNKING, FORESTS, 
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, BATS 
Ratcliffe, D. A. 
trends of the 
Great Britain. 
1969. Population 
peregrine falcon in 
Pages 239-269 in J. J. 
Hickey, ed. Peregrine falcon popula- 
tions: Their biology and decline. 
University of Wisconsin Press, Madi- 
son. 
Population changes and possible causes 
of the post-1950 peregrine falcon de- 
cline in Great Britain are discussed. 
Examples of disturbance caused by rock 
climbing and tourist outings near fal- 
con eyries are cited, but such activi- 
ties may be responsible for local de- 
clines only and are not significant 
factors in the national decline. 
390. 
al. 
392. 
CLIMBING, HARASSMENT, TOURISM, COASTAL 
ZONES, FORESTS, URBAN ZONES, THREATENED 
AND ENDANGERED SPECIES, PEREGRIN FALCON 
Ream, C. H. 1968. Research on loon 
productivity and pesticide residues. 
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau 
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Final 
Report. 25 pp. 
Reasons for a decline in the reproduc- 
tive rate of common loons were inves- 
tigated in Minnesota. A major cause 
for the decrease was the use of island 
campsites by canoeists. Pesticide 
residues were determined to be a po- 
tential danger to loons in some lakes. 
BOATING, CAMPING, LAKES, U.S. 
FORESTS, COMMON LOON 
NATIONAL 
Ream, C. H. 1976. Loon productivity, 
human disturbance, and pesticide resi- 
dues in northern Minnesota. Wilson 
Bull. 88:427-432. 
The most important factor in recent 
declines of common loon reproduction 
in Minnesota seems to be the increas- 
ing number of canoeists in the area. 
Campers frighten loons off nests, 
Jeaving eggs and young vulnerable to 
predation. 
BOATING, CAMPING, LAKES, PREDATION, U.S. 
NATIONAL FORESTS, COMMON LOON 
Ream, C. H. 1979. Human-wildlife con- 
flicts in backcountry: Possible solu- 
tions. Pages 153-163 in R. Ittner, D. 
R. Potter, J. K. Agee, and S. Ans- 
chell, eds. Recreational impact on 
wildlands. Conference proceedings, 
27-29 October 1978, Seattle, Wash. 
U.S. For. Serv. R-6-001-1979. 
Increasing backcountry recreational 
use and diminishing wildlands contrib- 
ute to growing pressures on wildlife 
in backcountry areas. The extent of 
human impacts and possible solutions 
are reviewed. Deliberate harassment 
sometimes occurs, but the major impact 
of humans on wildlife results from un- 
intentional disturbance. Management 
of people, wildlife, and habitats may 
be necessary to reduce human-wildlife 
conflicts. 
BOATING, CAMPING, HARASSMENT, HIKING, 
TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, REVIEW, HUMAN 
