399, 
400. 
AQT, 
bile trails where the snow was firmer. 
[It 1s suggested that snowmobiles could 
be used to manage deer in winter by 
providing trails where walking in snow 
js easier and inducing winter move- 
ments to suitable habitats. 
4ARASSMENT, OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, FORESTS, 
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, WHITE-TAILED DEER 
Riegelhuth, R. 1966. 
human visitation. 
Grizzly bears and 
M.S. Rep. Colorado 
State University, Fort Collins. 80 
pp. 
Nata obtained by questionnaire re- 
sponses from 16 parks and wilderness 
areas indicated that backcountry use 
by non-hunting recreationists is not 
an important factor in grizzly bear 
survival. Besides attraction to gar- 
sage dumps, respondents reported no 
increased grizzly use of visitor con- 
centration areas. Unprovoked grizzly 
attacks on humans are always possible, 
though extremely rare. 
HIKING, CAMPING, TOURISM, FORESTS, HUMAN 
HEALTH AND SAFETY, THREATENED AND ENDAN- 
GERED SPECIES, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL 
PARKS, CANADIAN NATIONAL PARKS, U.S. NA- 
TIONAL FORESTS, GRIZZLY BEAR 
Riley, G. A., and R. T. McBride. 1972. 
A survey of the red wolf (Canis ru- 
fus). U.S, Fish Wildl. Serv. Spec. 
Sci. Rep.--Wildl. 162. 15 pp. 

Red wolves and their relationship with 
their environment are described. A 
major limiting factor of the red wolf 
js habitat destruction through agri- 
cultural and industrial developments. 
Waterfowl and deer hunters occasional- 
ly kill wolves, but in general red 
wolves live near humans and are quite 
tolerant of man. 
HARASSMENT, FORESTS, RANGELAND, WET- 
LANDS, FLIGHT DISTANCE, RED WOLF 
Robert, H. C., and C. J. Ralph. 1975. 
Effects of human disturbance on the 
breeding success of gulls. Condor 77: 
495-499, 
The effects of human disturbance on a 
colony of western gulls on southeast 
Farallon Island, California, were 
studied. Overall mortality of young 
73 
402. 
403. 
404. 
was higher on a disturbed plot than on 
an undisturbed plot, and hatching 
failure was directly proportional to 
the amount of disturbance. 
DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), 
PREDATION, WESTERN GULL 
COASTAL ZONES, 
Robertson, R. J., and N. J. Flood. 1980. 
Effects of recreational use of shore- 
lines on breeding bird populations. 
Can. Field-Nat. 94:131-138. 
Studies at six lakes in southern On- 
tario investigated effects on breeding 
birds of disturbance caused by recrea- 
tional use of shorelines. Levels of 
disturbance were rated according to 
density of cottages, proximity of 
roads, and boat traffic adjacent to 
the shorelines. Disturbed areas had 
more birds but lower species diversity 
than more natural areas. 
BOATING, PICNICKING, FORESTS, LAKES, 
PREDATION, BIRDS, COMMON LOON, EASTERN 
KINGBIRD 
Rodgers, J.A., Jr., and J. Burger. 1981. 
Concluding remarks: Symposium on Hu- 
man Disturbance and Colonial Water- 
birds. Colon. Waterbirds 4:69-/70. 
The authors summarize and comment on 
information presented at the Symposium 
on Human Disturbance and Colonial Wa- 
terbirds, October 1980, Ottawa, Cana- 
da. Nonscientific human activities, 
including recreation, are often re- 
sponsible for significant disturbances 
at nest colonies; research activities 
can produce similar effects. Sugges~- 
tions for minimizing disturbance of 
colonial waterbirds are presented. 
HARASSMENT, HIKING, OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, 
PICNICKING, RESEARCH IMPACTS, WILDLIFE 
VIEWING, COASTAL ZONES, LAKES, PREDA- 
TION, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, WATERBIRDS 
Rogers, L. L., D. W. Kuehn, A. W. Erick- 
son, E. M. Harger, L. J. Verme, and J. 
J. Ozoga. 1976. Characteristics and 
management of black bears that feed in 
garbage dumps, campgrounds or residen- 
tial areas. Pages 169-175 in M. R. 
Pelton, J. W. Lentfer, and G. E. Folk, 
eds. Bears--their biology and manage~ 
ment. Third International Conference 
on Bear Research and Management, June 
1974, Binghamton, N.Y. and Moscow, 
