405. 
406. 
USSR. IUCN Publ. New Ser. 40, Morges, 
Switzerland. 
Sex, weight, age, and breeding condi- 
tion were recorded for 126 black bears 
captured at garbage dumps, camp- 
grounds, and residential areas’ in 
northern Michigan. Bears captured at 
garbage dumps, where food was more 
abundant, tended to be heavier than 
bears of the same age and sex at other 
areas. Young males may be less at- 
tached to specific areas than other 
bears, and thus may be less likely to 
home after being transported. 
CAMPING, URBAN ZONES, FORESTS, HUMAN 
HEALTH AND SAFETY, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, 
RECREATION MANAGEMENT, BLACK BEAR 
Rongstad, 0. J. 1980. Research needs 
on environmental impacts of snowmo- 
biles. Pages 220-227 in R. N. L. An- 
drews and P. F. Nowak, eds. Off-road 
vehicle use: A management challenge. 
Conference proceedings, 16-18 March 
1980, Ann Arbor, Mich. 
Results of studies of effects of snow- 
mobiles on lakes, vegetation, and 
wildlife are reported, but sources are 
not cited. Direct effects on wildlife 
manifested by changes in activity pat- 
terns or movements appear to vary 
greatly; habitat alterations such as 
destroying cover or forage may be more 
important. Impacts of snowmobiles 
could be greatly reduced by keeping 
snowmobiles on marked trails. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, HARASSMENT, FORESTS, 
LAKES, REVIEW, RECREATION MANAGEMENT, 
WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Rost, G. R. 1975. Response of deer and 
elk to roads. M.S. Thesis. Colorado 
State University, Fort Collins. 51 pp. 
Responses of deer and elk to roads on 
winter ranges in Colorado were studied 
by counting fecal pellet groups along 
transects perpendicular to roads. 
Deer and elk apparently avoided areas 
near roads, particularly areas within 
200 meters of roads. Deer avoided 
even dirt roads, some of which were 
used only by four-wheel drive vehi- 
cles, trailbikes, and hikers. 
OFF-ROAD VEHICLES, HIKING, FORESTS, REC- 
REATION MANAGEMENT, U.S. NATIONAL FOR- 
ESTS, MULE DEER, ELK 
407. 
408, 
409. 
Rybar, P. 1973. Remarks on banding and 
protection of bats. Period. Biol. 75: 
177-179. 
In a study of the activity of bats in 
Czechoslovakia, banding activities 
were found to be the reason about 50% 
of banded individuals left the hiber- 
nating colony. Banding not only in- 
duces considerable experimental error 
into population studies, but also in- 
creases the activity of bats and 
drives some from hibernating colonies. 
Banding should be used only in special 
cases due to the potential impacts of 
disturbance. 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, DISTURBANCE (GENERAL), 
BATS 
Satchell, J. E. 1976. The effects of 
recreation on the ecology of natural 
landscapes. European Committee for 
the Conservation of Nature and Natural 
Resources, Council of Europe, Nat. En- 
viron. Ser. ll. 11/7 pp. 
This report reviews European litera- 
ture concerning public’ recreational 
demand, the effects of recreation on 
natural ecosystems, and management 
strategies for minimizing impacts of 
public pressures. Discussions include 
recreational impacts on wildlife of 
coastal, grassland, mountain, forest, 
and other ecosystems. The concept of 
carrying capacity and case studies of 
impact management in Europe are de- 
scribed. 
BOATING, CAMPING, CLIMBING, HIKING, 
HORSEBACK RIDING, PICNICKING, SKIING, 
SWIMMING, TOURISM, WILDLIFE VIEWING, 
COASTAL ZONES, FORESTS, LAKES, RANGE- 
LAND, TUNDRA, WETLANDS, REVIEW, RECREA- 
TION MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE (GENERAL) 
Sather, J. H. 1952. Wildlife survey 
and investigations: Muskrat investi- 
gations. Neb. Game Parks Comm. Pro- 
ject W-015-R-08/WP13. 11 pp. (MIN 
267480399). 
During population studies of muskrats 
in Nebraska, behavioral responses of 
female muskrats to human disturbance 
were noted. Adult females that were 
disturbed while suckling young at- 
tempted to deposit the young on sepa- 
rate feeding platforms. 
BOATING, 
LANDS, 
RESEARCH IMPACTS, LAKES, WET- 
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, MUSKRAT 
